L-R: Dr Phil Merchant, Andy Campbell Marks & Clerk renews partnership with Space Network for a second year, building on its UK focus to now support hubs across Europe, Canada, North America, and Asia. World-class IP expertise continues to help start-ups and scaling space companies protect innovation, secure investment, and accelerate growth. Alignment with Space Network’s global ambitions, ensuring members across international hubs benefit from dedicated intellectual property support. Space Network, the world’s fastest-growing space sector ecosystem, is pleased to announce the renewal and expansion of its strategic partnership with Marks & Clerk, one of the world’s leading international intellectual property (IP) firms. This second year of collaboration builds on a successful UK-focused first year, extending support to Space Network hubs across Europe, Canada, North America, and Asia. Over the past year, Marks & Clerk has played a pivotal role in helping UK-based space companies understand and leverage the value of intellectual property as a driver of growth. From tailored support packages for start-ups to strategic advice for scaling businesses, the firm has enabled members to protect their innovations, attract investment, and strengthen their commercial position. With the partnership now extending globally, Space Network members will benefit from Marks & Clerk’s international reach and sector-specific expertise across upstream and downstream space technologies. Whether supporting the development of spacecraft systems, satellite data applications, or space debris detection software, Marks & Clerk provides end-to-end IP guidance for companies at every stage of growth. Dr Phil Merchant, Principal Chartered (UK) and European Patent Attorney at Marks & Clerk, said: “In our first year partnering with Space Network we saw the real impact of supporting ambitious UK space companies with world-class IP advice. Renewing this partnership allows us to expand that support globally, working with innovators across Europe, North America, and Asia. Intellectual property is at the heart of commercial success in the space sector, and we’re proud to align with Space Network’s international mission.” Andy Campbell, Founder and CEO of Space Network, added: “Marks & Clerk has been an outstanding partner over the last year in the UK, ensuring our members are equipped to protect and leverage their innovations. As Space Network grows globally, their renewal and expansion with us is a perfect fit — matching our ambition to connect and support space companies worldwide with the expertise they need to thrive.” Marks & Clerk’s renewal as a Space Network partner reflects a shared commitment to empowering the global space economy, ensuring companies across international hubs have access to world-class IP expertise to innovate, protect, and scale. END About Space Network Founded in 2023, 𝗢𝘂𝗿 𝘃𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗶𝘀 𝘀𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝘆𝗲𝘁 𝗽𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿𝗳𝘂𝗹: To build the world’s most connected and commercially impactful space sector ecosystem - an international network of locally led hubs under the Space Network global brand and leadership. Space Network is an ecosystem builder, their support is grounded in three core pillars, Support, Connect and Fund. Providing tailored business guidance, meaningful connections between talent, suppliers and intelligent funding solutions to empower space companies to innovate, scale and thrive. For more information, visit: www.spacenetwork.net

Back row L-R: Callum O'Regan, Callum Sinclair, Linzi Caldwell. Front L-R: Andy Campbell, Jamie Kerr Burness Paull renews partnership with Space Network for a second year, continuing to provide world-class legal expertise to space companies in the UK. Significant impact in year one, supporting members with funding, contracts, employment, immigration, and cyber/data privacy challenges. Looking ahead, the partnership ensures scaling and internationalising companies across Space Network can access Burness Paull’s trusted legal guidance. Space Network, the world’s fastest-growing space sector ecosystem, is pleased to announce the renewal of its strategic partnership with leading commercial law firm Burness Paull. This marks the second year of collaboration, reinforcing the commitment to provide world-class legal and regulatory expertise to companies across the global space economy. Over the past year, as UK legal partner, Burness Paull has supported members of Space Network on a wide range of legal matters – from funding and investment, commercial contracts, to employment, immigration, and cyber & data privacy. Their involvement has been instrumental in helping both early-stage ventures and scaling companies navigate the complex legal landscape of a fast-evolving sector. As the space industry continues to expand internationally, the renewal ensures that members of the Space Network | UK Hub can access Burness Paull’s expertise in areas critical to commercial growth and internationalisation. Callum Sinclair, Partner and Head of Technology & Commercial at Burness Paull said: “The last 12 months have shown the real value of combining specialist legal expertise with an ambitious, growing sector. From spaceport development to scaling data-driven businesses, we’re proud to have played a role in supporting the UK space sector. Renewing our partnership with Space Network reflects our continued commitment to helping the ecosystem thrive.” Jamie Kerr, immigration partner at Burness Paull said: “As the space sector continues to grow across the UK, organisations are meeting skill shortages by bringing global talent to live, work and invest in the UK. With immigration rules tightening and changing, it can seem a challenge to recruit and retain international people, but we are here to help Space Network members attract the brightest and best to this key and growing sector.” Andy Campbell, Founder and CEO of Space Network, added: “Burness Paull’s knowledge and dedication have made a significant difference to our members in their first year as a partner. Their support has enabled companies to move faster, with greater confidence, through some of the most complex legal and regulatory challenges facing the sector. We’re delighted to extend this partnership for a second year as we continue to expand globally.” Burness Paull’s experience in the space sector ranges from advising global space companies on their international talent acquisition strategies, to supporting early-stage businesses through accelerators like the Smart Things Accelerator Centre (STAC). Their renewal as a Space Network UK legal partner signals ongoing commitment to empowering companies at all stages of growth. About Space Network Founded in 2023, 𝗢𝘂𝗿 𝘃𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗶𝘀 𝘀𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝘆𝗲𝘁 𝗽𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿𝗳𝘂𝗹: To build the world’s most connected and commercially impactful space sector ecosystem - an international network of locally led hubs under the Space Network global brand and leadership. Space Network is an ecosystem builder, their support is grounded in three core pillars, Support, Connect and Fund. Providing tailored business guidance, meaningful connections between talent, suppliers and intelligent funding solutions to empower space companies to innovate, scale and thrive. For more information, visit:   www.spacenetwork.net

L-R: Ross Hamilton, Space Network, Bruce Poston, TECHNIA, Andy Campbell, Space Network TECHNIA, a leading provider of virtual twin solutions and digital engineering, is proud to announce a new strategic technology partnership with Space Network, the world’s fastest-growing space sector ecosystem. This collaboration brings TECHNIA’s world-class expertise in design, simulation, and lifecycle management to Space Network members worldwide, spanning hubs in the UK, USA, Greece, Africa, and future international locations. By making these advanced capabilities accessible, the partnership will enable space companies of all sizes to design, validate, and secure investment faster. From satellite components and mission-critical software architectures to next-generation habitats and spacesuits, TECHNIA’s digital tools and methodologies allow organizations to model, test, and refine ideas in virtual environments before committing to physical builds. This accelerates innovation, reduces cost and risk, and strengthens the commercial case for funding and mission approval. The partnership underscores TECHNIA’s mission to support sustainable innovation across industries by combining advanced digital solutions with global expertise. “With the space economy projected to reach $1.8 trillion by 2035, an interconnected ecosystem is essential for ensuring emerging companies can access the same cutting-edge tools and opportunities traditionally available only to established enterprises.” Magnus Falkman, CEO | TECHNIA “This partnership reflects the ambition of the global space sector. By connecting our members with TECHNIA’s exceptional knowledge and tools, we are enabling companies to accelerate innovation, reduce time-to-market, and strengthen their competitive position. It’s a strategic alignment that will benefit our entire ecosystem.” Andy Campbell, Founder and CEO | Space Network “The space sector is evolving rapidly, and collaboration is key to unlocking its full potential. Partnering with Space Network allows us to bring our passion, expertise, and solutions to a global community that shares our commitment to progress. Together, we can help organizations innovate faster and contribute to a thriving, internationally connected space economy.” Bruce Poston, New Business Consultant | TECHNIA About Space Network Founded in 2023, Space Network has become the world’s fastest-growing space sector ecosystem. 𝗢𝘂𝗿 𝘃𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗶𝘀 𝘀𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝘆𝗲𝘁 𝗽𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿𝗳𝘂𝗹: To build the world’s most connected and commercially impactful space sector ecosystem - an international network of locally led hubs under the Space Network global brand and leadership. Space Network is an ecosystem builder, their support is grounded in three core pillars, Support, Connect and Fund. Providing tailored business guidance, meaningful connections between talent, suppliers and intelligent funding solutions to empower space companies to innovate, scale and thrive. For more information, visit: www.spacenetwork.net About TECHNIA TECHNIA is a multinational provider of digital engineering software, services, and consulting. TECHNIA has 600+ employees across 30+ office locations. TECHNIA is part of Addnode Group, listed on the Nasdaq OMX Nordic List. Robust partnerships with industry-leading organizations such as Dassault Systèmes, Atlassian, and rFpro, coupled with strategic mergers and acquisitions, contribute to TECHNIA’s growth strategy. Working with 6000+ clients worldwide, TECHNIA has seen significant revenue growth from 237 MSEK to more than 1580 MSEK since 2014. For more information, visit: www.technia.com

From engineering leadership to space connectivity By Gary Kerr Gary Kerr, CTO Recently, I took my own professional ‘giant leap’ and successfully exited the company I founded and built over the last 23 years – EPM Solutions , an engineering and asset management specialist. It was a big moment for me, stepping away from something I had dedicated so much of my life and energy to. The transition was all the more meaningful as I exited through an Employee Ownership Trust (EOT), handing over the reins – and ownership – to the team that helped make EPM what it is today. I’m extremely proud of what we accomplished. From a standing start in 2002, we grew to attract and secure a multi-sector blue-chip client base of globally recognised brands – some of the biggest and most complex companies out there, both locally and internationally. At EPM, we specialised in helping asset-intensive organisations save money, manage change, maintain integrity, reduce corporate risk, and remain compliant. We built a specialism in environments where explosive gases, vapours and hazardous conditions were part and parcel of daily operations – not too dissimilar from the upstream space sector. Attention to detail, robust risk management, and technical expertise were essential, and I was privileged to lead a team that delivered on those standards every day. Last year, I was honoured to become a Fellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE), and along the way, built a reputation for great service, technical innovation, and professionalism. The work EPM did was ultimately about keeping people safe and businesses running smoothly, no matter how challenging the environment. Our customers trusted us – and that’s something I’ll always be proud of. However, for me after more than two decades of growth and leadership at the helm of EPM, it was time for change. It was time for me to hand the baton over and seek a new challenge. The opportunity to join Space Network and move into the space sector – a dynamic and fast-moving environment – has been a fascinating transition. I’ll admit, the learning curve was steep at first, but I feel settled now and excited about what lies ahead. Whether it’s managing explosive environments in a refinery or assisting companies who work with rocket fuel or sensitive equipment in space, the fundamentals remain the same: great service, technical innovation, and professionalism. The mindset I developed at EPM fits perfectly within the space sector. Space Network is all about the importance of connectivity – people doing business with people – and that’s universal. While space might seem a world apart from “traditional engineering,” the parallels are clear, and it’s been rewarding to see how much of my previous experience translates to this new environment. Live Aid 1985 I've also been surprised to learn how much space technology quietly shapes our everyday lives. I remember watching Live Aid back in 1985 – an unforgettable moment, not just for the music and its charitable purpose, but for how a handful of satellites made it possible for nearly two billion people across 150 countries to share the experience live. At the time, it was one of the largest satellite broadcasts ever. Fast forward to today, May 2025, and there are over 10,000 active satellites orbiting Earth – a dramatic rise from just 165 in 1985. Most are in low Earth orbit and serve communications, Earth observation, or navigation purposes. This rapid growth is expected to continue in the years ahead. The growth of the space sector reflects a remarkable shift. Satellite technology has evolved from a pioneering achievement to an everyday essential, underpinning much of modern life. From global broadcasts and real-time navigation to internet access and emergency services, space is no longer 'out there' – it’s woven into our routines in ways we rarely notice. What continues to surprise me most, though, are the everyday things we take for granted. Space plays a silent but vital role in everything from checking the weather or avoiding traffic, to tapping our phones at the checkout using precise satellite timing which supports contactless payments. GPS networks make mobile navigation seamless. Live sport and breaking news reach our screens via satellite broadcast in an instant. Emergency services rely on space-based systems to coordinate efforts and save lives. These advances benefit everyone – not just scientists or governments. As space becomes ever more integrated into society, the invisible threads connecting us to space grow stronger by the day. While connecting and learning about space technology is fascinating, connecting with the people in the sector has even more rewarding. One thing that’s stood out since joining Space Network is just how open and welcoming the Space community is. People are genuinely happy to see new faces entering the sector and share their ideas and experiences. Perhaps it’s the spirit of a sector that’s growing fast – there’s a real sense of excitement and possibility. It’s full of good people, largely driven by engineering minds and technical leaders. I can relate to that! Thank you to all for making me feel at home! Andy Campbell, CEO and Gary Kerr, CTO at Ignite Space 2025 Looking ahead, I see huge opportunities to make the space industry even more connected. Imagine a community where students, professionals, and companies – large and small – can easily share ideas, collaborate on projects, and support one another’s growth. Imagine that and you glimpse into the future of Space Network. A truly connected ecosystem would accelerate innovation, open up new partnerships, and make it easier for everyone to access opportunities – whether you're just starting out or breaking into new markets. The benefits would ripple outward, strengthening the entire sector and ensuring the UK and my home country of Scotland who are poised for launch – can continue to lead on the global stage. Some of the most exciting innovations are emerging where space intersects with other sectors. From farming and logistics to healthcare and insurance, space companies are applying their expertise in new ways. Meanwhile, industries like materials science, AI, and food technology are bringing fresh thinking to space. This cross-pollination is driving powerful breakthroughs that neither side could achieve alone. Every day, I’m learning something new and gaining a deeper appreciation of how space touches our lives. If you’re curious about the sector, now is a brilliant time to get involved. The opportunities are broader – and closer to home – than you might think. If you’d like to connect, share ideas, or join our growing network, I’d love to hear from you. Written by: Gary Kerr Chief Technology Officer Space Network gary@spacenetwork.net

Athens, Greece 6th May 2025 Space Network | Greece launched support Greek space startups and scaleups through global connections, strategic funding, and collaboration platforms. Hub to activate local talent through targeted training and industry experience. Initiative to enhance community engagement and visibility, positioning Greece as a strategic bridge in the global space economy. Image Credit: European Union, Copernicus Sentinel-3 Imagery Space Network, one of the fastest-growing global networks supporting the commercial space sector, today announced the establishment of Space Network | Greece . This initiative underscores Space Network's commitment to international expansion, fostering global collaboration and innovation to drive commercial growth within the space economy.   Space Network | Greece  will focus on three pivotal areas:   Commercial Support:  Facilitating growth for Greek space startups and scaleups by connecting them with international networks, strategic funding opportunities, and collaborative platforms to enable scaling and global market penetration. Talent Activation:  Collaborating with universities and technical institutes, Space Network | Greece  aims to provide students, recent graduates, and young professionals with practical industry experiences, targeted training, and networking events to strengthen their capabilities in the global space workforce. Community Engagement:  Increasing visibility and accessibility of the Greek space sector through public events, meetups, industry gatherings, and forums, fostering stronger community involvement and collaboration.   Fotios Kotzakioulafis, Hub Manager of Space Network | Greece , shared his vision for the new initiative: " Space Network | Greece  is not just about supporting the local ecosystem, it's about making sure Greece plays an active role in shaping the future of space. We have brilliant minds in our universities, an ambitious startup scene, and strong cultural ties across Europe, the Balkans, and the Eastern Mediterranean. In the long term, Greece can also serve as a connector between Europe, Asia, and Africa. Now it's time to turn that potential into real partnerships, global visibility, and tools for the next generation to lead." Fotios Kotzakioulafis, Hub Manager of Space Network | Greece Space Network  Founder and CEO, Andy Campbell, stated: "I'm delighted to announce Space Network | Greece  as the next significant step in our international expansion following the recent launch of Space Network | Africa . Greece's strategic position and burgeoning innovation ecosystem make it an ideal hub for connecting diverse regional markets. By establishing hubs like these around the globe, Space Network  is committed to nurturing international collaboration and commercial growth across the entire global space community."   Space Network | Greece  will become an essential bridge, linking universities, research centres, startups, policymakers, and international stakeholders. This strategic positioning aims to significantly boost Greece’s role within the global space economy, fostering regional cooperation and contributing actively to the future of global space exploration and commercialisation. For further information, visit www.spacenetwork.net or contact:   Space Network Andy Campbell andy@spacenetwork.net +44 (0)7973 286 432 www.spacenetwork.net   About Space Network   Founded in 2023 with offices in Glasgow and New York, we’ve quickly grown into a dynamic hub for all things space related. Space Network is committed to fostering international collaboration and driving innovation on a larger scale. Our mission is simple yet powerful:  to advance the commercial growth of the global space sector and integrate space technology across all industries. ​ At Space Network, we are more than just a network - we are ecosystem builders. Our support is grounded in three core pillars: ​ Support | Connect | Fund   We provide tailored business guidance, meaningful connections between talent, suppliers and intelligent funding solutions to empower space companies to innovate, scale and thrive. ​ ​Our values are the foundation of everything we do.   Supportive -  We empower businesses and individuals to achieve their full potential through guidance, collaboration, and opportunity. ​ Commercial -  We drive economic growth by fostering commercially viable opportunities, ensuring sustainability and scalability for the space sector. ​ Ambitious -  We champion bold thinking, innovation, and the drive to push boundaries in the global space economy. ​ Join us as we help shape the future of space and drive the next wave of innovation, growth, and opportunity. Founding partners of Space Network are: Burness Paull, Eureka!Europe, Johnston Carmichael, Marks and Clerk, Sustainable Alpha, ID Cyber Solutions, PortfolioXD, The Events Hub and Stellar Space Consulting

Space Symposium, Colorado Springs, CO USA, 7th April 2025 Launch of Space Network | Africa to drive economic growth, innovation, and education in Africa's burgeoning space sector. Educational initiatives from primary to professional levels developed in partnership with Nova Space. Innovation and commercialisation programmes to foster pan-African space entrepreneurship and technological advancement. Image credit NASA Space Network , one of the world’s fastest growing networks for space companies and professionals, has announced the launch of Space Network | Africa , coinciding with Space Symposium at Colorado Springs, 7-10 April. This initiative is set to drive space-based economic growth, innovation, and education across the African continent, positioning Africa as a significant player in the global space sector. With Africa’s rapidly growing, tech-savvy population, over 60% under the age of 25, the establishment of Space Network | Africa ’s is timely. The initiative aims to support Africa's untapped talent, resources, and innovation potential to drive economic growth, technological advancement, global competitiveness and ultimately benefit the population. Ross Hamilton, Chief Operating Officer of Space Network, stated, " Launching Space Network | Africa will be transformative for the continent. By uniting talent and resources from across the continent, we aim to cultivate a vibrant, sustainable, and impactful space economy. Africa is ready to become a global leader in space-driven initiatives from agriculture and telecommunications to climate monitoring and equatorial launch." Space Network | Africa aims to establish marketplaces facilitating global connections between space enterprises, universities, research institutions, innovators, African space agencies, and investors, creating vibrant regional clusters. A Pan-African Space Incubator and strategic commercial partnerships with international agencies aims to further underpin this vision. Space Network | Africa also aims to connect the Global North to help drive the innovation of the Global South. Thabo Kupa, the newly appointed Hub Manager of Space Network | Africa , stated, "Our ambition is bold, but our approach is focused. By establishing Space Network | Africa , fostering regional clusters, collaborating on policy and regulatory frameworks, and attracting global investment, we’re dedicated to accelerating Africa’s commercial space capabilities." In addition, Space Network | Africa’ s educational initiatives will span primary education to professional development, aiming to create a continuous pipeline of talent. Initial programmes include online education modules developed in strategic partnership with Nova Space alongside in-person pilot projects in Kenyan, Ghanaian, and South African schools, and embrace regional, cultural, and language needs to create an inclusive platform across Africa. Allan Okoth, Educational Programmes Lead, remarked, "Our education initiatives aim to inspire Africans of all ages, from school children to aspiring space professionals. By connecting global expertise with local context, we're equipping Africa’s youth for dynamic careers in the global space economy." Picture Left to Right: Allan Okoth (Space Network Africa), Ross Hamliton (Space Network), Kwaku Sumah (Spacehubs Africa), meeting in Nairobi, Kenya. Joseph Horvath, Co-founder and CEO of Nova Space Inc, said “Nova Space is thrilled to partner with Space Network | Africa to deliver high-quality space training and support the growth of Africa’s emerging space workforce. We believe that this collaboration represents a powerful step toward building a truly global space community. By working together, we can empower individuals with the knowledge and skills they need to shape the future of space.” Space Network | Africa ’s innovation-focused programmes aim to bridge education and industry, providing practical experience through satellite builds, innovation boot camps, and entrepreneurship competitions. Notable projects include collaborations with cube sat manufacturers for a multi-country satellite design programme, a regional Space Grant Consortium, and the upcoming "Space for Africa Challenge," leading to pitches at the inaugural Pan-African Space Summit in 2026. Kwaku Sumah , Innovation Lead and CEO of Spacehubs Africa, noted, "Our collaboration with Space Network | Africa will rapidly scale innovative opportunities continent-wide, driving commercial viability and inspiring the next generation of African entrepreneurs in the space industry." The Space Network | Africa Secretariat, co-chaired by Ross Hamilton and Thabo Kupa, alongside Allan Okoth (Education), Kwaku Sumah (Innovation) and Joshua Kisiangani will steer strategic direction and program delivery. Founding Space Network | Africa Ambassadors include former Ambassador of Kenya to The Hague, Margaret W N Shava, and distinguished venture capitalist, Eric Osiakwan. Andy Campbell, CEO & Founder of Space Network, expressed his enthusiasm for this landmark launch: "I am absolutely delighted to announce the creation of Space Network | Africa. This marks the first of many Space Network hubs planned around the globe as we strive to connect the sector, fostering collaboration and innovation for positive and impactful outcomes worldwide." For further information, visit www.spacenetwork.net or contact: Space Network Andy Campbell andy@spacenetwork.net +44 (0)7973 286 432 www.spacenetwork.net About Space Network Founded in 2023 with offices in Glasgow and New York, we’ve quickly grown into a dynamic hub for all things space related. Space Network is committed to fostering international collaboration and driving innovation on a larger scale. Our mission is simple yet powerful: to advance the commercial growth of the global space sector and integrate space technology across all industries. At Space Network, we are more than just a network - we are ecosystem builders. Our support is grounded in three core pillars: Support | Connect | Fund We provide tailored business guidance, meaningful connections between talent, suppliers and intelligent funding solutions to empower space companies to innovate, scale and thrive. Our values are the foundation of everything we do. Supportive - We empower businesses and individuals to achieve their full potential through guidance, collaboration, and opportunity. Commercial - We drive economic growth by fostering commercially viable opportunities, ensuring sustainability and scalability for the space sector. Ambitious - We champion bold thinking, innovation, and the drive to push boundaries in the global space economy. Join us as we help shape the future of space and drive the next wave of innovation, growth, and opportunity. Founding partners of Space Network are: Burness Paull, Eureka!Europe, Johnston Carmichael, Marks and Clerk, Sustainable Alpha, ID Cyber Solutions, PortfolioXD, The Events Hub and Stellar Space Consulting,

Ensuring space is accessible to all! An exclusive interview with the former Executive Director of Space For Humanity Rachel Lyons Introduction In 2017, space investor Dylan Taylor founded not-for-profit Space for Humanity, and Rachel Lyons became its first full-time employee. Under her leadership, Space for Humanity assisted in sending four civilians to space, making global headlines. She fostered partnerships with the likes of Virgin Galactic, Axiom, and Blue Origin and has worked with astronauts, engineers, and start-up founders to help them become leaders in the space sector. Rachel sat down to chat with Space Network about her work, her slightly unconventional path into the space sector, how she sees the sector as a whole and what the main challenges are. Watch the full interview on YouTube: Find out more about Rachel's work here . Find out more about Space Network's role in supporting, connecting and funding the space sector here . Interview by Stuart Buchanan for Space Network. Thanks Stuart!

Company Overview Marks & Clerk is a leading international intellectual property (IP) firm, providing comprehensive IP services to businesses of all sizes worldwide. With over 300 attorneys across 15 offices in Europe, Asia, and North America, the firm helps clients achieve their ambitions through expert IP management. Marks & Clerk’s depth of expertise, underpinned by robust processes, enables the firm to select the right team tailored to exactly reflect the needs, ambitions, specialism and culture of its clients. Recognised by IAM, Managing IP, WTR, IP Stars, Chambers & Partners, Legal 500, and The Times as a leading international IP firm with over 100 ranked partners, principals, and associates across its office network. Mission Statement At Marks & Clerk, we are passionate about innovation and progress. We work with clients across a wide range of industries, from global enterprises to pioneering startups and strategic investors. With deep expertise in science, technology, and intellectual property, we help turn ideas into commercial success. Our commitment is to support our clients at every stage of their journey, helping them navigate opportunities and challenges in an evolving world. Services Offered As specialists focused exclusively on IP, our services include: Patent and trade mark prosecution IP strategy and portfolio management IP litigation, dispute resolution and oppositions IP due diligence and commercialisation Start-ups We are keenly aware of the challenges facing tech start-ups in the space sector. In response, we have developed a service package specifically for innovative young companies. The package is tailored for each candidate following a straight-forward application process. Typically, successful applicants can expect discounted and fixed pricing, as well as flexible payment plans to help manage initial costs. In addition, we offer a range of added value benefits to help space start-ups navigate the complexities of IP and leverage its value to achieve growth. More information on the package and details on how to apply can be found here: Start-up with Marks & Clerk. Key Contacts Phil Merchant Phil Merchant Principal, Chartered (UK) and European Patent Attorney pmerchant@marks-clerk.com +44 20 7420 0032 Sarah Taylor Clients & Markets Executive sataylor@marks-clerk.com +44 121 634 2348 Involvement in the Space Sector Marks & Clerk is proud to have a dedicated space tech team comprising of patent attorneys, trade mark attorneys and solicitors. Our team includes experts across a wide range of technical disciplines, from engineering and physics to quantum technologies and computer science. Over the last few years, our space tech team have immersed themselves in the UK and international space sector. We regularly engage with regional space clusters, as well as members and suppliers across the industry, to facilitate connections and educate companies of all sizes to understand the importance of IP to building a successful business. Our continuing engagement helps us understand the issues and challenges that firms face in the industry and provide targeted and up-to-date advice on IP-specific issues that evolve alongside the sector. Our aim is to help companies of all sizes understand the value and importance of IP. With this understanding, and us providing dedicated, expert services, Marks & Clerk provides a valuable contribution to this exciting and highly valuable sector of the UK economy, doing our small part to aid in its growth. Recent examples of support given to the space sector by members of our space tech team include: Speaking at various space events across the UK Delivering IP webinars to space clusters Hosting IP ‘drop in’ sessions and events for space accelerator programmes Providing IP support for companies taking part in the Aqualunar Challenge (competition run by the UK and Canadian Space Agencies with £1.2m prize fund) Company Culture and Values Our vision is to continue to be a leading provider of IP services by putting our people and clients at the heart of everything we do and delivering excellence as a minimum. We have translated our vision into four core values – trust, collegiality, resourcefulness and excellence – and our goal is to live these values through everything we do. What are clients say “The Marks & Clerk team are able to absorb and assimilate complex technical ideas and translate them into patents, and take clients through the entire patent process. The collective skill set covers both technical and non-technical aspects of patenting in technology and knowledge-based industries. With them, there are no delays, no errors, no failures!” Chambers & Partners, 2024 “The breadth of knowledge and technical understanding demonstrated by the firm’s team of patent attorneys is at a consistently high level.” Legal 500, 2024 Future Collaboration with Space Network We envision working with the Space Network and the other partners to provide comprehensive business support services to the space network. IP is an integral part of a business’ growth strategy to ensure commercial success and we aim to assist the Space Network in providing bespoke and high quality advice. Recent Blog Posts or Articles Funding your intellectual property strategy An astropreneurs guide to registering intellectual property The IP driven start-up (Free e-book) Website Links Main Website: https://www.marks-clerk.com Services Page: https://www.marks-clerk.com/expertise/sectors/space-technology/ Contact Page: https://www.marks-clerk.com/contact-us/

Gary Kerr - CTO, Space Network Space Network appoints engineering and asset management expert Gary Kerr as CTO to drive strategic growth and industry connectivity. Kerr brings over 30 years of experience in engineering, project delivery, and asset management across complex industrial and hazardous environments. His expertise will strengthen Space Network’s ability to support, connect, and fund the growing space sector. Space Network has appointed Gary Kerr as Chief Technology Officer (CTO), further strengthening its leadership team as it continues to expand its global capabilities, industry engagement, and strategic support for the space sector. A highly experienced Chartered Engineer, Fellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers , asset management specialist, and business leader, Gary brings over 30 years of experience in engineering, infrastructure, and technology development, having founded and led EPM Solutions for over two decades before successfully exiting the company in 2024. His appointment reflects Space Network’s commitment to enhancing its technical leadership and creating greater opportunities for connectivity and growth across the industry. Fuelling innovation and igniting growth As CTO, Gary will focus on strengthening industry partnerships, driving technical strategy, and helping companies in the space sector access the expertise, connections, and advisory solutions they need to succeed. His background in engineering, complex asset management, and project delivery will be key to supporting growing Space businesses, supply chain partners, and major players across the ecosystem. Speaking about his new role, Gary Kerr, CTO, Space Network, said: "It’s an exciting time to be joining Space Network as the organisation continues to grow at a important moment for the space sector. Having recently exited the engineering business I founded 23 years ago, I was looking for my next challenge, one that would allow me to apply my expertise in business, engineering, and technology in a truly dynamic and innovative environment. The space industry is experiencing enormous growth, and the need for strategic leadership, technical assurance, and meaningful collaboration to deliver has never been greater. I’m thrilled to be joining a fantastic team and an existing network of talented individuals, SMEs, suppliers, manufacturers, and partners. My initial focus will be on strengthening relationships, fostering new connections, and helping companies in the sector to scale. Space Network is doing brilliant things, and I’m excited to be part of its journey, bringing together technical expertise, commercial acumen, and collaboration to support the sector’s continued success." Strengthening the Space Network’s Vision Andy Campbell, Founder & CEO, Space Network, added: "Over the last year, Space Network has seen considerable growth, not just in our organisation, but in our reach, impact, and ambition. There is a clear gap in the market for an organisation that Supports, Connects, and Funds the sector. As we scale, so too must our capability and connectivity. I’m delighted to welcome Gary Kerr onboard as CTO. Gary has been a hugely successful entrepreneur and business leader in the engineering sector, and his expertise is incredibly well suited to the aims of Space Network and the sector. His ability to navigate technical complexity, build strategic relationships, and drive impactful change will be invaluable as we continue to grow and support the sector. Gary will be instrumental in leading our efforts to strengthen supply chain engagement, provide industry support, and drive new opportunities for collaboration. His leadership will help ensure that businesses across the sector have access to the right expertise, networks, and strategic insight to scale successfully. We are excited to have him onboard as we continue to grow and support the sector to both dare and achieve mighty things!" With Gary’s appointment, Space Network is reinforcing its position as a critical enabler of commercial space sector growth, ensuring that businesses and stakeholders have access to the expertise, connections, and strategic insight they need to scale and succeed. For further information, please contact: Space Network Andy Campbell andy@spacenetwork.net +44 (0)7973 286 432 www.spacenetwork.net

The dawn of space medicine By Ross Hamilton An astronaut experiments with sensory motor performance in a microgravity situation. (NASA) A new era of pharmaceutical research and medical innovation is quietly developing hundreds of miles above our heads. On board the International Space Station and on new platforms like Pioneer launched by Rocket Lab for Varda Space Industries, new environments are being created for breakthrough medical and scientific research that could benefit humankind back down on Terra Firma! What is the key advantage to space-based research and development? Micro-gravity. From developing more effective cancer treatments, growing crystals for HIV pharmaceuticals, strengthening failing hearts through stem cell research and fighting neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, medical research carried out in microgravity has shown promising results across multiple areas that will advance drug development and treatment innovations. Importantly, this also creates significant investment opportunities spanning biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and space technology infrastructure, as well as core medical and life science research. The continued advancement of space-based life sciences will rely on the robust collaboration between space agencies, pharmaceutical companies, and research institutions. Success will require not only technological innovation but also carefully crafted regulatory frameworks and sustainable funding mechanisms to support long-term research and development efforts. Current Space-Based Research Protein Crystallization Using the microgravity of orbiting Earth, scientists are growing protein crystals in space to understand their molecular structure at an unprecedented level of detail. This process involves carefully controlling temperature, humidity, and other environmental factors in specialized orbital laboratories. Without Earth's gravity interfering with crystal formation, proteins can form larger, more perfect crystalline structures which allows researchers to use X-ray crystallography to map precise molecular arrangements. Space-grown protein crystallization and cellular behavior studies are informing new targeted cancer therapies and drug delivery methods, including more effective and less invasive cancer treatments, particularly for aggressive and treatment-resistant cancers. The microgravity environment also provides new opportunities for studying NASA astronaut Barry “Butch” Wilmore setting up the Rodent Reseach-1 Hardware in the Microgravity Science Glovebox aboard the International Space Station. (NASA) neurodegenerative diseases. Pristine crystal formation created in microgravity allows researchers to obtain highly detailed views of the protein structures and how they misfold and aggregate, causing neurological damage found in conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Additionally, studies of neural adaptation in space are providing new insights into brain plasticity and potential protective mechanisms against neurodegeneration. Cell Behavior and Growth Recent studies in space are revealing how cells function, divide, and communicate in microgravity, revealing behaviors normally masked by Earth's gravity. Specialized bioreactors in space stations - initially, the International Space Station (ISS) - maintain optimal conditions for cell growth while allowing researchers to observe and document cellular processes in three dimensions that are larger than can be created on Earth. For example, the International Space Station (ISS) National Lab and NASA have selected projects for cancer research in space that include: growing cardiac spheroids to test cancer drug toxicity on the heart; studying accelerated cancer development in microgravity using patient-derived tumor organoids; investigating the effectiveness of chemotherapy on colorectal cancer organoids in space; and, a pioneering UK research project, D(MG), is set to study the three-dimensional spread of diffuse midline glioma cancer cells in microgravity on the ISS. Based at the University of Cambridge, The Spatial Profiling and Annotation Centre of Excellence (SPACE) has been established with £5m in funding to provide access to groundbreaking cancer mapping technology. This collaboration between astronomers and cancer researchers uses advanced spatial biology techniques to analyze tumors in 3D - some of which are based on technology originally developed to map the Milky Way! In the short-term we are gaining an understanding of cell behavior, improved cancer research methods, and new insights into aging processes. Long-term this could lead to the development of advanced treatments for degenerative diseases, revolutionary cancer therapies, and potential breakthroughs in tissue regeneration. We also expect to be able to better understand accelerated bone loss in microgravity to gain insights into developing advanced therapies for osteoporosis, improved bone healing techniques, and better treatments for skeletal disorders. Immunological Disorders Research in microgravity environments has revealed fascinating insights into immune cell behavior and their responses that are not possible on Earth. These new studies have led to breakthroughs in the understanding autoimmune conditions and represent promising progress towards more targeted and effective therapies for rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and other immune system disorders. Cardiovascular Diseases Understanding how the heart and blood vessels adapt to microgravity offers unique insights into cardiovascular health. In Space, the absence of gravity causes bodily fluids to redistribute, particularly affecting blood volume and pressure regulation. Scientists monitor these changes using advanced imaging and biomonitoring systems, studying how the cardiovascular system adapts to these extreme conditions. Short-term benefits include improved understanding of blood pressure regulation, heart muscle function, and fluid distribution patterns, leading to better diagnostic tools for cardiovascular conditions. In the long-term this could lead to the development of novel treatments for heart failure, hypertension, and circulatory disorders, plus innovative therapeutic approaches for conditions affected by fluid dynamics and blood flow. Cosmic Radiation Research Space-based research laboratories are conducting studies on radiation effects by exposing living organisms to the unique radiation environment beyond Earth's protective atmosphere. Using state-of-the-art monitoring systems, scientists track real-time changes in cellular structures, genetic material, and biological functions when exposed to various types of cosmic radiation. Astronaut Kayla Barron harvests cotton cell samples (NASA) These studies employ advanced detection equipment to measure different radiation types (including gamma rays, cosmic rays, and solar particles) while sophisticated biosensors monitor organisms' responses at molecular and systemic levels. Automated analysis systems collect continuous data on DNA damage patterns, cellular repair mechanisms, and physiological adaptations. In the short term, this research has already improved radiation shielding for spacecraft and astronaut protection, while providing valuable insights into radiation-induced cellular damage and repair mechanisms. These advances have also enhanced radiation safety protocols for both space exploration and Earth-based applications. Looking to the future, this research shows tremendous promise for developing more precise and effective radiation therapy techniques for cancer treatment, as well as revolutionary radiation protection technologies for various industries. Scientists anticipate breakthroughs in drugs that enhance natural DNA repair processes and new treatments for radiation-induced illnesses, potentially transforming how we approach radiation exposure both in space and on Earth. Space-Specific Medical Treatments Space-based medical research encompasses the development of specialized interventions and treatments uniquely suited for microgravity environments. Researchers systematically evaluate how existing medications behave differently in space, examining changes in drug stability, absorption, and effectiveness, while carefully studying how the human body's altered physiology in microgravity affects drug metabolism and distribution. In the short term, this research has already improved medical care protocols for astronauts during long-duration missions, enhanced our understanding of pharmaceutical stability in space environments, and led to the development of specialized drug delivery systems for microgravity conditions. The long-term implications extend far beyond space applications, promising novel drug delivery technologies that could revolutionize targeted therapies on Earth, advanced manufacturing techniques for producing pharmaceuticals with higher purity and crystalline perfection, and new insights into drug absorption and metabolism that could lead to more effective medications. Perhaps most exciting is the potential for breakthroughs in personalized medicine based on space-derived research methods. Who Is Doing What in Space? Cancer Research Merck & Co., Bristol Myers Squibb, and Novartis are at the forefront of protein crystallization studies, enabling more precise drug targeting. Space Tango provides specialized platforms for cancer cell research, including investigations on patient-derived microtumors, while SpacePharma's miniaturized labs facilitate drug discovery experiments. Bone and Muscle Disorders Amgen, also working with NASA’s Ames Research Center, leads research on bone density and muscle atrophy in space, with Novartis complementing these efforts through musculoskeletal condition studies. Redwire Space 3D BioFabrication Facility (BFF), aka 3D bioprinter, on the ISS is advancing tissue engineering possibilities for bone and muscle regeneration. Immune System Research Bristol Myers Squibb, Sanofi, and Merck & Co. are studying immune responses in space, with particular focus on vaccine development and immunological disorders. Sanofi's protein-based therapeutics research is enhanced by Varda Space Industries' in-space manufacturing capabilities. Neurodegenerative Diseases Space Tango and SpacePharma provide specialized research platforms, while Axiom Space and Sierra Space are developing dedicated facilities for long-term neurological research. Space Supply Chain Opportunities In order for these advancements in medical research to happen, there needs to be the full integration of the supply chain, which means real commercialization opportunities for new types of companies, and the broader industrialization of space. 1. Commercial Space Stations and Research Facilities Axiom Space is developing a commercial space station with dedicated medical research modules, expected to include specialized protein crystallization chambers and automated bioprocessing unit. Sierra Space's Dream Chaser program aims to provide regular cargo transport for biological samples and medical supplies. Both companies are designing modular laboratories that can be customized for specific research needs. And Varda Space Industries develops spacecraft capable of manufacturing in orbit, especially drugs and other materials such as semiconductors and fiber optics, and to also reentry capsules to bring the results back down to Earth 2. Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Varda Space Industries is developing autonomous manufacturing systems for pharmaceutical crystallization, with plans for continuous production of specific drug compounds. Redwire Space produce bioprinting facilities that are advancing bioprinting complex tissue structures and potentially entire organs. Made In Space, who were acquired by Redwire Space, create next-generation 3D printing technology for producing medical devices and pharmaceutical components in orbit 3. Research Automation and Miniaturization Space Tango's automated research platforms are evolving to include AI-driven experiment monitoring and adjustment capabilities. Space Pharma is developing next-generation miniaturized labs with enhanced sensing capabilities and real-time data analysis. New microfluidic systems are being designed for more efficient drug testing and development Rocket Lab's Pioneer Spacecraft for Varda (Rocket Lab USA) Other Commercial Opportunities There are a host of other components of the supply chain that present real opportunities for innovative companies. Enhanced Drug Development Platforms Imagine having specialized bioreactors for studying cell behavior in microgravity with precise environmental control, integrated with artificial intelligence for predicting protein crystal growth patterns and optimizing growth conditions. This could enable the creation of automated systems for rapid screening of drug candidates in microgravity. Transportation and Storage Solutions Imagine developing advanced cryogenic storage systems for biological samples. This would involve the creation of specialized containers for maintaining precise environmental conditions during space transport, and real-time monitoring systems for sensitive biological materials. Data Management and Analysis Imaging having advanced AI systems for real-time experiment monitoring and adjustment that would allow integrated data analysis platforms for comparing Earth-based and space-based research results. We could also create standardized protocols for space-based pharmaceutical research and development. Current Challenges High costs of space-based research and development Current estimates for space-based research can range from $10-50 million per project, including launch costs, specialized equipment, and ongoing operational expenses. This creates significant barriers to entry for smaller companies and research institutions. Technical limitations of current space facilities Existing space laboratories face challenges with power constraints, limited workspace, and the need for specialized equipment that can function in microgravity. Additionally, current facilities can only accommodate a limited number of experiments simultaneously. Regulatory frameworks for space-manufactured pharmaceuticals The FDA and other regulatory bodies are still developing comprehensive guidelines for space-manufactured drugs. This includes challenges in quality control, testing protocols, and ensuring consistency between space-produced and Earth-produced pharmaceuticals. Transportation and storage of biological materials Maintaining sample integrity during launch and reentry poses significant challenges. Specialized containment systems must protect against temperature fluctuations, radiation exposure, and gravitational forces, while meeting strict safety protocols for space transport. Success in this frontier will require sustained investment, regulatory adaptation, and innovative solutions to current technical challenges. However, the potential benefits to human health make this a compelling area for continued development and investment. Future Outlook Space-based medical research is primed to stand at the forefront of scientific innovation with the potential for breakthroughs in life sciences and healthcare. Beyond individual treatments it would also represent a powerful convergence of aerospace engineering, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical research. Experiments on parabolic flights performed successfully (ESA) With advancing technology and decreasing costs, more pharmaceutical companies, research institutions, and biotechnology firms are likely to invest in and use orbital research facilities as a core component of their future research and development. In addition, the integration of artificial intelligence, automated research platforms, and space-based manufacturing will accelerate the development of novel treatments and therapies to an even greater extent. However, success will depend on sustained and international collaboration between private industry, government agencies, and research institutions. National and international regulatory and legal frameworks will need to evolve and adapt over time to accommodate this growing marketplace We stand at the threshold, a new dawn of space-based medical research. Our journey beyond Earth's atmosphere and into that of microgravity offers significant scientific advancement, and more alluringly, the unlocking of some of humankind’s most innovative medical solutions for generations to come. Written by: Ross Hamilton Chief Operating Officer Space Network ross@spacenetwork.net

Scotland’s Space Future! An exclusive Interview with Scotland's first International Trade Envoy for Space Introduction Scotland’s newly appointed International Trade Envoy for Space , Daniel Smith shares his insights on the potential of the Scottish space sector. Space Network caught up with him on his return from four weeks of space events in Europe, Australia, and the Gulf, as part of his space business interests. During this time, Daniel had ample opportunities to promote Scotland's space secto r to new audiences. As the founding Director of non-profit Space Scotland and four commercial space firms, including AstroAgency, Fire Arrow, and Skyrora, Smith discusses how space commercialisation is creating high-value jobs , addressing environmental challenges, and positioning Scotland as a leader in the global space economy. Here’s the full interview. Economic growth and regional revitalisation Question: What role do you see space commercialisation playing in Scotland’s economic growth and regional revitalisation? Daniel Smith: The longer I work in the commercial space sector, the less I see it as one of many stand alone industries, but rather as the near-Earth infrastructure that underpins almost every sector imaginable. The commercial space movement has developed to the point where space technology and services are powering some of the things we all take for granted, and would never consider being supported from space. Because of this critical role, many global governments and businesses are writing space strategies and working out how they can do more to leverage the breadth of Earth intelligence that is provided by space. Scotland, as I'm sure we will cover today, has quietly positioned itself as a bigger player in this market than many are aware. And why not - it certainly wouldn't make sense for us to miss out on something that can do so much to boost our well-being, particularly when we have all the ingredients in place to leverage such a fast-emerging economy projected to be worth not just millions globally, but trillions , in the next decade. A brief snapshot of how space commercialisation supports economic growth in Scotland include communications constellations providing broadband provision to remote areas where it is hard for phone signals to reach, thus enabling remote learning and remote healthcare services , as well as supporting agriculture, remote sensor systems (satellite Internet of Things) and tourism. Whereas Earth observation satellites monitor roads and railways to keep us moving, monitor wind turbines that supply our energy and track flood hazards and water build up to warn us of threats to commercial and domestic property, with a great example of the latter being the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency's Satellite Emergency Mapping System , unveiled at Space-Comm Expo in Glasgow this year. Earth observation is increasingly being used for environmental sustainability, validating the efficiency of carbon storage in tree-plantations and ensuring that Environmental Social Governance (ESG) commitments are being met by exposing 'greenwashing' from corporations. When EO data is combined with other data sets, we've seen companies like Krucial support efficient fish farming by pairing satellites with Internet of Things, and Trade in Space pairing blockchain with space to monitor the sustainability of supply chains for coffee and other commodities. Physical infrastructure developments such as groundstations, spaceports, environmental testing facilities and factories manufacturing space hardware using advanced techniques create huge employment opportunities, often in remote regions that can help support community revitalisation . And none of that even touches upon the education and research benefits of being at the forefront of the commercial space revolution! Addressing criticism of public investment Question: Some recent criticism has focused on public investment in spaceports, suggesting the funds could be better spent elsewhere. How would you respond to that? Daniel Smith: Public space investment has been found to deliver widespread benefits alongside strong rates of return on investment. According to a report last year entitled 'The Case for Space', for every pound invested in space, anywhere between £3 and £10 is returned . But public investment is always a topic that will bring different opinions and understandably so, due to the subjective nature of how we analyse such commitments. I feel that the challenge around demonstrating the value of space sector investment is mainly to do with awareness in the widespread benefits, together with the fact that the commercial space sector remains relatively young and therefore, the 150+ Scottish space companies (including many that have chosen to move to Scotland) and thousands employed are not as visible as more established industries. Generally, there is a lack of awareness in Scotland’s space heritage and the industry’s ability not just to sustain itself, but to underpin almost every sector imaginable far into the future, not to mention our environment and national security for the long-term. However, when it comes to the size of the sector, the potential for growth and leadership from within Scotland more than makes up for its burgeoning nature. And when it comes to awareness, this is a temporary issue and part of it comes from our nature - the inability of Scots to see themselves as trail blazers in an area as alien to the wider public as space, despite our history of innovation and invention. Satellites play a growing part in our everyday lives, with reports that the average person uses space data forty times per day; weather forecasts, financial transactions, internet, broadcasting and of course the GPS maps on our phones, cars, lorries, trains, ships, aircraft and tractors that not only help us get around, but ensures that the food we eat is cultivated efficiently and the things we order as individuals or businesses, from anywhere in the world, reach us on time - and not just at Christmas! Generally, I haven't been aware of much criticism over the years when it comes to public funding of space activity. The most recent investment announcement I can think of was the £3.5 million funding call by the UK Space Agency to help provide satellite services to remote communities in Scotland and Northern Ireland, which was met really positively. However, there have been media questions following developments at Sutherland's spaceport being paused. Much of that is posed simply as - “investment in a spaceport”, without doesn't really explain the full story of the potential wins from investing in infrastructure of this nature that aren't limited to direct employment in areas such as engineering, law, construction, hospitality, transport and logistics, but further enable so many indirect benefits that global society relies on. A quick online search will source multiple reports confirming that there are 10s of thousands of satellites to be launched by all kinds of businesses, universities and governments, into orbits that need launch sites from geographically favourable locations. Saxa Vord and Sutherland have made huge strides to ensure Scotland’s unique geography can position our nation as the home of European spaceflight, with the aim of delivering prosperity through being the gateway for launch, the key enabler for accessing valuable space data. Scotland’s strategic position Question: Scotland’s geographic position has been highlighted as a key advantage. Can you expand on how this benefits the space sector? Daniel Smith: There's no doubt that geography has been kind to us when it comes to launching satellites into orbit, for the many satellites that require launching into what is called high inclination orbits that travel over the poles, Scotland is a near perfect launch location . But even before running through the benefits of sparsely populated areas and clear trajectories for spaceflight, it's worth also highlighting that Glasgow - Satellite City - designs and builds more small satellites than anywhere in the world outside the USA thanks to companies like Spire, AAC Clyde Space, Alba Orbital and Craft Prospect . This is immediately relevant because it cuts down logistical headaches around transporting spacecraft, not to mention export licencing and insurance, by having the launch site so nearby. Next year, Scotland expects to be the first country in Europe to launch satellites into orbit and much of that is certainly due to the attractiveness of remote launch sites surrounded by sea, not something that many countries can offer. Our location so far north makes us ideal for efficiently reaching polar and sun-synchronous orbits, the ideal places in space (around 500km up) to position Earth observation satellites equipped with sensors that look back on our planet, sharing the information they collect through radar, infrared, radio frequency and state-of-the-art imagers, providing actionable insights that can track illegal fishing and mining, identify disease within food crops, warn us of landslides or send back information to quickly respond to flooding, infrastructure deterioration (think railway tracks, dams and bridges) and global wildfires or hurricanes. Earth observation and the different ways you can use satellite data is only going to increase, due to its effectiveness and surprising cost-efficiency, and high inclination orbits that can be more easily reached from Scotland make it a good launch location. Scotland is already an enabler for that growth through the satellites we build and the data we analyse, but now it can also be the place where the huge back-log of satellites start their journey into space. Environmental and scientific innovation Question: The environmental impact of space activities is a concern for many. How is Scotland addressing this issue? Daniel Smith: In 2021, Scotland's sector worked together voluntarily to create a national space strategy to support wider UK ambitions. As part of that, we included a pillar around sustainability. The following year, Space Scotland received support from Scottish Enterprise to develop and deliver the world's first Space Sustainability Roadmap (created by local companies AstroAgency and Optimat ), which clearly sets out how Scotland's space companies are leading by example on reducing emissions and acting responsibly, as well as delivering a series of work packages for Space Scotland's Environmental task Force to take forward, to turn our foundation into a major differentiating factor for our industry. Whilst being at the early stages of a new sector like commercial space comes with challenges around investment, skills and awareness, it also brings opportunities. With launch in particular, we're in a position where we can build in a sustainable approach from the very beginning , unlike other established space nations that are looking at how they can bolt-on environmental considerations to decades old launch practices. This is a huge advantage for the long-term, with net zero and environmental social governance (ESG) considerations and increasing investment around finding the more environmentally conscious ways to do things that, in the past, were considered harmful to the environment. The Roadmap explains the substance behind the ambition - the Scottish-based launch companies like Skyrora, HyImpulse and Orbex developing green rocket fuels , the spaceports that are going further than passing their environmental impact assessments by coming up with ways to offer less environmentally impactful launch site operations through minimal infrastructure and roads that float to avoid damaging peatlands, and so much more. Scotland's satellite companies are doing a lot to reduce orbital pollution , with AAC Clyde Space considering the impact of the materials they use to build their satellites and Spire developing satellites that can track debris in orbit to prevent collisions in space that could risk significant loss of services here on Earth. When you couple the strategic prioritisation of sustainability together with the efforts being made to act sustainably, it's a huge selling point for Scotland. And that's not even mentioning the 30+ data analysis firms using space data to support environmental protection, measure natural capital and underpin conservation efforts, or the UK Space Agency's leadership on space sustainability that Scotland is also able to contribute to and leverage for our advantage. Economic multiplier effect Question: How does space commercialisation benefit industries outside of the space sector? Daniel Smith: Insights from satellite data are already performing a crucial role in agriculture, maritime, energy, finance, defence and security, transport and logistics, you name it. We're seeing space data used for healthcare, sports and the creative industries. When you add position, navigation and timing with GPS and weather forecasting into the mix, it quickly becomes obvious that we benefit from and rely upon space technology more than we realise. In fact, when I recently spoke at a St. Andrew's Day event in Australia to promote how Scottish geospatial firms could increase efficiency and reduce costs for the audiences' non-space businesses, I emphasised the space sector's need to change the perception of space from exploration (NASA, Mars, etc) to preservation, and get better at sharing how most commercial space technology isn't about space at all, it's about supporting our economy, our society and the way we live our lives. There are cross sector opportunities with photonics, robotics and advanced manufacturing, all of which are used in space, and which have developed solutions from a space perspective that can be applied to terrestrial solutions to amplify their effectiveness. The same applies to the reverse case too, providing synergies that then expand out into sectors such as precision agriculture, manufacturing of healthcare components and new renewable energy solutions such as space based solar power. Building resilience and independence Question: Building resilience and independence is a recurring theme in discussions about Scotland’s space ambitions. What’s your perspective on this? Daniel Smith: You only have to look at Russia's illegal invasion of Ukraine and the role that satellite imagery has served in uncovering falsehoods and supporting the countries defence efforts to see the importance of space for safeguarding our citizens . My wife is Ukrainian, as is my business partner, and I was in Ukraine for many weeks up until the month before the invasion where despite claims from Russia that they would not attack, satellite data showed troops massing on the border. My daughter might have been born in Ukraine, in one of the maternity wards that were bombed, if it had not been for that information prompting us to return to Scotland and not take any risks. Space and defence have always been closely linked and unfortunately, we cannot be certain of safety from the nefarious acts of others. Space, however, can quickly alert us to such dangers as they arise. Inspiring the next generation Question: How do you see the Scottish space sector inspiring the next generation? Daniel Smith: People often say that young people are most inspired by two things; dinosaurs and space! There's no doubt that rockets lifting off from Scotland will get current and future generations considering the many space jobs available - technical and non-technical. But for me its the ways in which the satellite data (enabled by those launch vehicles lifting off from Scottish soil) can be applied to Earth's challenges that is most inspiring. There are local companies like EOLAS using space-derived datasets to track endangered species, and others who have looked at countering transport poverty from space. Then there's other areas of innovation, with companies like Craft Prospect using space to advance quantum key distribution, and organisations considering how Scotland's robotics and AI strengths can be utilised for future in-orbit servicing and manufacturing - building things in space, rather than on Earth. When thinking about the opportunities of the future and the role of upcoming generations in advancing the sector, I'd return to the subject of sustainability. For me the biggest threat to the industry, and therefore to all the space-enabled applications and benefits we've talked about that society enjoys, is the millions of pieces of debris and junk orbiting Earth and threatening to collide with satellites at any moment. To come back to my earlier point about space technology actually being about Earth rather than space, and more focused on preservation than exploration, I feel that my children's generation and beyond will be more dedicated to sustainability and environmental protection than any generation before it. If that's the case, then they'll find that space has the answers, and poses some of the questions, that they could dedicate meaningful careers to applying and resolving. Vision for the future Question: It’s clear that Scotland’s space ambitions are about more than just launching rockets. What’s your vision for the sector in the coming years? Daniel Smith: I believe Scotland has all the ingredients required to reach its ambitious space sector growth targets , building upon our 150+ space companies and proven heritage in research and academia that has supported some of the most exciting space missions in history. We are ideally placed to play a strong supporting role in many lucrative areas, as well as continuing our leadership role in European satellite manufacture and launch developments, encouraging diversity within the workforce, and ensuring that the space sector develops with sustainability and environmental protection at its core - a factor that will give us a competitive edge long into the future. If we can increase private investment into our ecosystem to augment the ongoing support from government agencies, and become better at shouting about the demand for the kind of space technology and services that we're very good at developing, then space can continue to be the success story we're all looking for. Ultimately, being able to demonstrate space activity at a national level has gone from a 'nice to have' to a 'need to have'. The emergence of an entrepreneurial minded commercial space sector plays into Scotland's hands, because we have always been a nation of innovators and astute business people! Our government is behind us and our industry is fortunate in that it has continual support from both the UK and European Space Agencies. It is in building up our space industry, both in a literal and promotional sense, that continued success will be achieved because of one simple fact - space is, and always will be, for everyone's benefit. Thats a wrap! Space Network would like to extend our heartfelt thanks to Daniel for sharing his valuable insights and taking the time to discuss Scotland's burgeoning space sector. His dedication as Scotland's first International Trade Envoy for Space, combined with his entrepreneurial activity through ventures like AstroAgency, Fire Arrow, and Skyrora, is truly inspiring. We wish Daniel continued success in both his Envoy role and his ambitious business pursuits, which are helping to place Scotland firmly on the global space map. This interview is part of our ongoing 'BIG Interviews' series, where we engage with leading figures in the space and technology sectors to explore transformative ideas and emerging opportunities. Stay tuned for more exclusive conversations as we continue to spotlight the pioneers shaping the future.

Company Overview When Bill Johnston met John Carmichael in 1936, they turned a possible partnership into, what is now, a leading independent UK accountancy and business advisory firm. Johnston Carmichael is Scotland’s largest independent firm of chartered accountants and business advisers, operating across Scotland and from offices in London and Newcastle. As a firm, we audit more of Scotland’s top 100 private businesses, than any other firm, including the Big 4. We are a full service firm, offering businesses of all sizes core and specialist advisory services, including expert advice in the areas of tax, personal tax, specialist tax, audit, risk assurance, outsourced finance, digital advisory, corporate finance, international tax and much more. As a firm, we are all about people. Building our own people to be their own leaders, as well as spending time to build proper relationships with our clients. Branding or Mission Statement Johnston Carmichael inspires sharp minds to think proactively and apply knowledge and experience to transform businesses and create success. We believe in remaining relevant, doing the right thing, leading our future and standing in other people’s shoes. People are key to everything we do. Developing our own people and working hand in hand with our clients to properly understand them and their business. We commit the time required to properly understand our clients. This is the only way that we believe an effective advisory service can work. Services Offered Our services are wide ranging, providing all the support you need to start up, stay up, achieve growth plans or expand internationally. We offer the core services of audit, corporate tax and corporate finance. As a firm we audit more of Scotland’s top 100 private companies than any other firm. Our breadth of expertise also covers business advisory services, and an extensive range of specialist services, including innovation and entrepreneurial tax, digital advisory, outsourced finance, payroll, internal audit, private client tax, consultancy and much more. We’re here to understand your business, and help you grow and achieve what you want to achieve. Please find a full list of our services here: https://johnstoncarmichael.com/our-services/ . Key Contacts Jim Lockhart Jim Lockhart Business Advisory Partner jim.lockhart@jcca.co.uk +44 (0)7393 792091 Calum Purdie Business Development Senior Manager calum.purdie@jcca.co.uk Involvement in the Space Sector Johnston Carmichael is proud to have recently become a founding partner of Space Network, with the aim of supporting a growing cluster of space firms with their growth ambitions. We have a wide range of clients already working in the tech sector and manufacturing sector, with a number of clients operating specifically in the space sector. We have teams dedicated to supporting new sectors, new businesses, entrepreneurs and scale-ups and we can help businesses at every stage of growth, from start-up, right through to international expansion and beyond. We support clients with general business advice, as well as detailed specialist advice around R&D tax, EIS/SEIS schemes, international tax, fundraising and much more. We are passionate about helping to grow sectors and strengthen the communities businesses operate in. Company Culture and Values We have a clear purpose – to create enduring impact – not simply because we think it sounds good, but because the heart of Johnston Carmichael has stayed consistent for decades. We’re here for our communities, our people and our clients – for the long term. We’re proud of our ability to build proper relationships with our clients. One way we do this is by building our own people. Our business is one where everyone is a leader of their own career. Success Stories or Case Studies ‘We chose to work with JC following a recommendation from a founder of another start-up. It’s clear they are used to working with high growth tech companies and bring real expertise into the team. JC provide us with payroll services, management accounting, R&D tax advice and have recently helped us set up our EMI Share Options pool. As well as all these key services they are always accessible and happy to jump on a call when needed. Suffice to say we’ve been delighted since we joined the JC stable: they’ve been amazing in guiding us over the various hurdles and I’m confident they will be able to continue to provide us with great service as we grow.’ Allan Cannon, CEO and Co-founder, Krucial (Formerly R3 IoT) Future Collaboration with Space Network Johnston Carmichael have great ambition to support the sector through this exciting phase, be that with well-established companies through to early-stage technology companies involved in. We also aim to help promote the sector through showcasing activity of the Space Network and its Partners’ and supporting initiatives as they arise. We always adopt a collaborative approach and are open to hosting events, and expanding our networks further, whilst connecting our clients and wider stakeholders with others across the sector. We also aspire to be the go-to firm for accountancy and business advisory support. We want to expand the success we’ve had with growing businesses across many other sectors and to do this, working together, listening and sharing is key for us. Recent Blog Posts or Articles Why Space-Com Expo Scotland is a welcome new addition for our country’s growing space sector | Johnston Carmichael https://johnstoncarmichael.com/insights/how-johnston-carmichael-supports-entrepreneurs-for-long-term-success https://johnstoncarmichael.com/insights/global-mobility-policy Website Links Main Website: https://johnstoncarmichael.com/ Services Page: https://johnstoncarmichael.com/our-services/ Contact Page: https://johnstoncarmichael.com/contact/ Additional Information Some of our other partnerships across other sectors but still of interest include: Scottish EDGE - we have partnered with Scotland’s largest entrepreneurial funding competition for 10 years and engage fully with many of the businesses each year through our pitch practice panel sessions. Glasgow Tech Fest – we have sponsored this growing ecosystem event since its inception.