The dawn of space medicine By Ross Hamilton An astronaut experiments with sensory motor performance in a microgravity situation. (NASA) A new era of pharmaceutical research and medical innovation is quietly developing hundreds of miles above our heads. On board the International Space Station and on new platforms like Pioneer launched by Rocket Lab for Varda Space Industries, new environments are being created for breakthrough medical and scientific research that could benefit humankind back down on Terra Firma! What is the key advantage to space-based research and development? Micro-gravity. From developing more effective cancer treatments, growing crystals for HIV pharmaceuticals, strengthening failing hearts through stem cell research and fighting neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, medical research carried out in microgravity has shown promising results across multiple areas that will advance drug development and treatment innovations. Importantly, this also creates significant investment opportunities spanning biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and space technology infrastructure, as well as core medical and life science research. The continued advancement of space-based life sciences will rely on the robust collaboration between space agencies, pharmaceutical companies, and research institutions. Success will require not only technological innovation but also carefully crafted regulatory frameworks and sustainable funding mechanisms to support long-term research and development efforts. Current Space-Based Research Protein Crystallization Using the microgravity of orbiting Earth, scientists are growing protein crystals in space to understand their molecular structure at an unprecedented level of detail. This process involves carefully controlling temperature, humidity, and other environmental factors in specialized orbital laboratories. Without Earth's gravity interfering with crystal formation, proteins can form larger, more perfect crystalline structures which allows researchers to use X-ray crystallography to map precise molecular arrangements. Space-grown protein crystallization and cellular behavior studies are informing new targeted cancer therapies and drug delivery methods, including more effective and less invasive cancer treatments, particularly for aggressive and treatment-resistant cancers. The microgravity environment also provides new opportunities for studying NASA astronaut Barry “Butch” Wilmore setting up the Rodent Reseach-1 Hardware in the Microgravity Science Glovebox aboard the International Space Station. (NASA) neurodegenerative diseases. Pristine crystal formation created in microgravity allows researchers to obtain highly detailed views of the protein structures and how they misfold and aggregate, causing neurological damage found in conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Additionally, studies of neural adaptation in space are providing new insights into brain plasticity and potential protective mechanisms against neurodegeneration. Cell Behavior and Growth Recent studies in space are revealing how cells function, divide, and communicate in microgravity, revealing behaviors normally masked by Earth's gravity. Specialized bioreactors in space stations - initially, the International Space Station (ISS) - maintain optimal conditions for cell growth while allowing researchers to observe and document cellular processes in three dimensions that are larger than can be created on Earth. For example, the International Space Station (ISS) National Lab and NASA have selected projects for cancer research in space that include: growing cardiac spheroids to test cancer drug toxicity on the heart; studying accelerated cancer development in microgravity using patient-derived tumor organoids; investigating the effectiveness of chemotherapy on colorectal cancer organoids in space; and, a pioneering UK research project, D(MG), is set to study the three-dimensional spread of diffuse midline glioma cancer cells in microgravity on the ISS. Based at the University of Cambridge, The Spatial Profiling and Annotation Centre of Excellence (SPACE) has been established with £5m in funding to provide access to groundbreaking cancer mapping technology. This collaboration between astronomers and cancer researchers uses advanced spatial biology techniques to analyze tumors in 3D - some of which are based on technology originally developed to map the Milky Way! In the short-term we are gaining an understanding of cell behavior, improved cancer research methods, and new insights into aging processes. Long-term this could lead to the development of advanced treatments for degenerative diseases, revolutionary cancer therapies, and potential breakthroughs in tissue regeneration. We also expect to be able to better understand accelerated bone loss in microgravity to gain insights into developing advanced therapies for osteoporosis, improved bone healing techniques, and better treatments for skeletal disorders. Immunological Disorders Research in microgravity environments has revealed fascinating insights into immune cell behavior and their responses that are not possible on Earth. These new studies have led to breakthroughs in the understanding autoimmune conditions and represent promising progress towards more targeted and effective therapies for rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and other immune system disorders. Cardiovascular Diseases Understanding how the heart and blood vessels adapt to microgravity offers unique insights into cardiovascular health. In Space, the absence of gravity causes bodily fluids to redistribute, particularly affecting blood volume and pressure regulation. Scientists monitor these changes using advanced imaging and biomonitoring systems, studying how the cardiovascular system adapts to these extreme conditions. Short-term benefits include improved understanding of blood pressure regulation, heart muscle function, and fluid distribution patterns, leading to better diagnostic tools for cardiovascular conditions. In the long-term this could lead to the development of novel treatments for heart failure, hypertension, and circulatory disorders, plus innovative therapeutic approaches for conditions affected by fluid dynamics and blood flow. Cosmic Radiation Research Space-based research laboratories are conducting studies on radiation effects by exposing living organisms to the unique radiation environment beyond Earth's protective atmosphere. Using state-of-the-art monitoring systems, scientists track real-time changes in cellular structures, genetic material, and biological functions when exposed to various types of cosmic radiation. Astronaut Kayla Barron harvests cotton cell samples (NASA) These studies employ advanced detection equipment to measure different radiation types (including gamma rays, cosmic rays, and solar particles) while sophisticated biosensors monitor organisms' responses at molecular and systemic levels. Automated analysis systems collect continuous data on DNA damage patterns, cellular repair mechanisms, and physiological adaptations. In the short term, this research has already improved radiation shielding for spacecraft and astronaut protection, while providing valuable insights into radiation-induced cellular damage and repair mechanisms. These advances have also enhanced radiation safety protocols for both space exploration and Earth-based applications. Looking to the future, this research shows tremendous promise for developing more precise and effective radiation therapy techniques for cancer treatment, as well as revolutionary radiation protection technologies for various industries. Scientists anticipate breakthroughs in drugs that enhance natural DNA repair processes and new treatments for radiation-induced illnesses, potentially transforming how we approach radiation exposure both in space and on Earth. Space-Specific Medical Treatments Space-based medical research encompasses the development of specialized interventions and treatments uniquely suited for microgravity environments. Researchers systematically evaluate how existing medications behave differently in space, examining changes in drug stability, absorption, and effectiveness, while carefully studying how the human body's altered physiology in microgravity affects drug metabolism and distribution. In the short term, this research has already improved medical care protocols for astronauts during long-duration missions, enhanced our understanding of pharmaceutical stability in space environments, and led to the development of specialized drug delivery systems for microgravity conditions. The long-term implications extend far beyond space applications, promising novel drug delivery technologies that could revolutionize targeted therapies on Earth, advanced manufacturing techniques for producing pharmaceuticals with higher purity and crystalline perfection, and new insights into drug absorption and metabolism that could lead to more effective medications. Perhaps most exciting is the potential for breakthroughs in personalized medicine based on space-derived research methods. Who Is Doing What in Space? Cancer Research Merck & Co., Bristol Myers Squibb, and Novartis are at the forefront of protein crystallization studies, enabling more precise drug targeting. Space Tango provides specialized platforms for cancer cell research, including investigations on patient-derived microtumors, while SpacePharma's miniaturized labs facilitate drug discovery experiments. Bone and Muscle Disorders Amgen, also working with NASA’s Ames Research Center, leads research on bone density and muscle atrophy in space, with Novartis complementing these efforts through musculoskeletal condition studies. Redwire Space 3D BioFabrication Facility (BFF), aka 3D bioprinter, on the ISS is advancing tissue engineering possibilities for bone and muscle regeneration. Immune System Research Bristol Myers Squibb, Sanofi, and Merck & Co. are studying immune responses in space, with particular focus on vaccine development and immunological disorders. Sanofi's protein-based therapeutics research is enhanced by Varda Space Industries' in-space manufacturing capabilities. Neurodegenerative Diseases Space Tango and SpacePharma provide specialized research platforms, while Axiom Space and Sierra Space are developing dedicated facilities for long-term neurological research. Space Supply Chain Opportunities In order for these advancements in medical research to happen, there needs to be the full integration of the supply chain, which means real commercialization opportunities for new types of companies, and the broader industrialization of space. 1. Commercial Space Stations and Research Facilities Axiom Space is developing a commercial space station with dedicated medical research modules, expected to include specialized protein crystallization chambers and automated bioprocessing unit. Sierra Space's Dream Chaser program aims to provide regular cargo transport for biological samples and medical supplies. Both companies are designing modular laboratories that can be customized for specific research needs. And Varda Space Industries develops spacecraft capable of manufacturing in orbit, especially drugs and other materials such as semiconductors and fiber optics, and to also reentry capsules to bring the results back down to Earth 2. Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Varda Space Industries is developing autonomous manufacturing systems for pharmaceutical crystallization, with plans for continuous production of specific drug compounds. Redwire Space produce bioprinting facilities that are advancing bioprinting complex tissue structures and potentially entire organs. Made In Space, who were acquired by Redwire Space, create next-generation 3D printing technology for producing medical devices and pharmaceutical components in orbit 3. Research Automation and Miniaturization Space Tango's automated research platforms are evolving to include AI-driven experiment monitoring and adjustment capabilities. Space Pharma is developing next-generation miniaturized labs with enhanced sensing capabilities and real-time data analysis. New microfluidic systems are being designed for more efficient drug testing and development Rocket Lab's Pioneer Spacecraft for Varda (Rocket Lab USA) Other Commercial Opportunities There are a host of other components of the supply chain that present real opportunities for innovative companies. Enhanced Drug Development Platforms Imagine having specialized bioreactors for studying cell behavior in microgravity with precise environmental control, integrated with artificial intelligence for predicting protein crystal growth patterns and optimizing growth conditions. This could enable the creation of automated systems for rapid screening of drug candidates in microgravity. Transportation and Storage Solutions Imagine developing advanced cryogenic storage systems for biological samples. This would involve the creation of specialized containers for maintaining precise environmental conditions during space transport, and real-time monitoring systems for sensitive biological materials. Data Management and Analysis Imaging having advanced AI systems for real-time experiment monitoring and adjustment that would allow integrated data analysis platforms for comparing Earth-based and space-based research results. We could also create standardized protocols for space-based pharmaceutical research and development. Current Challenges High costs of space-based research and development Current estimates for space-based research can range from $10-50 million per project, including launch costs, specialized equipment, and ongoing operational expenses. This creates significant barriers to entry for smaller companies and research institutions. Technical limitations of current space facilities Existing space laboratories face challenges with power constraints, limited workspace, and the need for specialized equipment that can function in microgravity. Additionally, current facilities can only accommodate a limited number of experiments simultaneously. Regulatory frameworks for space-manufactured pharmaceuticals The FDA and other regulatory bodies are still developing comprehensive guidelines for space-manufactured drugs. This includes challenges in quality control, testing protocols, and ensuring consistency between space-produced and Earth-produced pharmaceuticals. Transportation and storage of biological materials Maintaining sample integrity during launch and reentry poses significant challenges. Specialized containment systems must protect against temperature fluctuations, radiation exposure, and gravitational forces, while meeting strict safety protocols for space transport. Success in this frontier will require sustained investment, regulatory adaptation, and innovative solutions to current technical challenges. However, the potential benefits to human health make this a compelling area for continued development and investment. Future Outlook Space-based medical research is primed to stand at the forefront of scientific innovation with the potential for breakthroughs in life sciences and healthcare. Beyond individual treatments it would also represent a powerful convergence of aerospace engineering, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical research. Experiments on parabolic flights performed successfully (ESA) With advancing technology and decreasing costs, more pharmaceutical companies, research institutions, and biotechnology firms are likely to invest in and use orbital research facilities as a core component of their future research and development. In addition, the integration of artificial intelligence, automated research platforms, and space-based manufacturing will accelerate the development of novel treatments and therapies to an even greater extent. However, success will depend on sustained and international collaboration between private industry, government agencies, and research institutions. National and international regulatory and legal frameworks will need to evolve and adapt over time to accommodate this growing marketplace We stand at the threshold, a new dawn of space-based medical research. Our journey beyond Earth's atmosphere and into that of microgravity offers significant scientific advancement, and more alluringly, the unlocking of some of humankind’s most innovative medical solutions for generations to come. Written by: Ross Hamilton Chief Operating Officer Space Network ross@spacenetwork.net

Scotland’s Space Future! An exclusive Interview with Scotland's first International Trade Envoy for Space Introduction Scotland’s newly appointed International Trade Envoy for Space , Daniel Smith shares his insights on the potential of the Scottish space sector. Space Network caught up with him on his return from four weeks of space events in Europe, Australia, and the Gulf, as part of his space business interests. During this time, Daniel had ample opportunities to promote Scotland's space secto r to new audiences. As the founding Director of non-profit Space Scotland and four commercial space firms, including AstroAgency, Fire Arrow, and Skyrora, Smith discusses how space commercialisation is creating high-value jobs , addressing environmental challenges, and positioning Scotland as a leader in the global space economy. Here’s the full interview. Economic growth and regional revitalisation Question: What role do you see space commercialisation playing in Scotland’s economic growth and regional revitalisation? Daniel Smith: The longer I work in the commercial space sector, the less I see it as one of many stand alone industries, but rather as the near-Earth infrastructure that underpins almost every sector imaginable. The commercial space movement has developed to the point where space technology and services are powering some of the things we all take for granted, and would never consider being supported from space. Because of this critical role, many global governments and businesses are writing space strategies and working out how they can do more to leverage the breadth of Earth intelligence that is provided by space. Scotland, as I'm sure we will cover today, has quietly positioned itself as a bigger player in this market than many are aware. And why not - it certainly wouldn't make sense for us to miss out on something that can do so much to boost our well-being, particularly when we have all the ingredients in place to leverage such a fast-emerging economy projected to be worth not just millions globally, but trillions , in the next decade. A brief snapshot of how space commercialisation supports economic growth in Scotland include communications constellations providing broadband provision to remote areas where it is hard for phone signals to reach, thus enabling remote learning and remote healthcare services , as well as supporting agriculture, remote sensor systems (satellite Internet of Things) and tourism. Whereas Earth observation satellites monitor roads and railways to keep us moving, monitor wind turbines that supply our energy and track flood hazards and water build up to warn us of threats to commercial and domestic property, with a great example of the latter being the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency's Satellite Emergency Mapping System , unveiled at Space-Comm Expo in Glasgow this year. Earth observation is increasingly being used for environmental sustainability, validating the efficiency of carbon storage in tree-plantations and ensuring that Environmental Social Governance (ESG) commitments are being met by exposing 'greenwashing' from corporations. When EO data is combined with other data sets, we've seen companies like Krucial support efficient fish farming by pairing satellites with Internet of Things, and Trade in Space pairing blockchain with space to monitor the sustainability of supply chains for coffee and other commodities. Physical infrastructure developments such as groundstations, spaceports, environmental testing facilities and factories manufacturing space hardware using advanced techniques create huge employment opportunities, often in remote regions that can help support community revitalisation . And none of that even touches upon the education and research benefits of being at the forefront of the commercial space revolution! Addressing criticism of public investment Question: Some recent criticism has focused on public investment in spaceports, suggesting the funds could be better spent elsewhere. How would you respond to that? Daniel Smith: Public space investment has been found to deliver widespread benefits alongside strong rates of return on investment. According to a report last year entitled 'The Case for Space', for every pound invested in space, anywhere between £3 and £10 is returned . But public investment is always a topic that will bring different opinions and understandably so, due to the subjective nature of how we analyse such commitments. I feel that the challenge around demonstrating the value of space sector investment is mainly to do with awareness in the widespread benefits, together with the fact that the commercial space sector remains relatively young and therefore, the 150+ Scottish space companies (including many that have chosen to move to Scotland) and thousands employed are not as visible as more established industries. Generally, there is a lack of awareness in Scotland’s space heritage and the industry’s ability not just to sustain itself, but to underpin almost every sector imaginable far into the future, not to mention our environment and national security for the long-term. However, when it comes to the size of the sector, the potential for growth and leadership from within Scotland more than makes up for its burgeoning nature. And when it comes to awareness, this is a temporary issue and part of it comes from our nature - the inability of Scots to see themselves as trail blazers in an area as alien to the wider public as space, despite our history of innovation and invention. Satellites play a growing part in our everyday lives, with reports that the average person uses space data forty times per day; weather forecasts, financial transactions, internet, broadcasting and of course the GPS maps on our phones, cars, lorries, trains, ships, aircraft and tractors that not only help us get around, but ensures that the food we eat is cultivated efficiently and the things we order as individuals or businesses, from anywhere in the world, reach us on time - and not just at Christmas! Generally, I haven't been aware of much criticism over the years when it comes to public funding of space activity. The most recent investment announcement I can think of was the £3.5 million funding call by the UK Space Agency to help provide satellite services to remote communities in Scotland and Northern Ireland, which was met really positively. However, there have been media questions following developments at Sutherland's spaceport being paused. Much of that is posed simply as - “investment in a spaceport”, without doesn't really explain the full story of the potential wins from investing in infrastructure of this nature that aren't limited to direct employment in areas such as engineering, law, construction, hospitality, transport and logistics, but further enable so many indirect benefits that global society relies on. A quick online search will source multiple reports confirming that there are 10s of thousands of satellites to be launched by all kinds of businesses, universities and governments, into orbits that need launch sites from geographically favourable locations. Saxa Vord and Sutherland have made huge strides to ensure Scotland’s unique geography can position our nation as the home of European spaceflight, with the aim of delivering prosperity through being the gateway for launch, the key enabler for accessing valuable space data. Scotland’s strategic position Question: Scotland’s geographic position has been highlighted as a key advantage. Can you expand on how this benefits the space sector? Daniel Smith: There's no doubt that geography has been kind to us when it comes to launching satellites into orbit, for the many satellites that require launching into what is called high inclination orbits that travel over the poles, Scotland is a near perfect launch location . But even before running through the benefits of sparsely populated areas and clear trajectories for spaceflight, it's worth also highlighting that Glasgow - Satellite City - designs and builds more small satellites than anywhere in the world outside the USA thanks to companies like Spire, AAC Clyde Space, Alba Orbital and Craft Prospect . This is immediately relevant because it cuts down logistical headaches around transporting spacecraft, not to mention export licencing and insurance, by having the launch site so nearby. Next year, Scotland expects to be the first country in Europe to launch satellites into orbit and much of that is certainly due to the attractiveness of remote launch sites surrounded by sea, not something that many countries can offer. Our location so far north makes us ideal for efficiently reaching polar and sun-synchronous orbits, the ideal places in space (around 500km up) to position Earth observation satellites equipped with sensors that look back on our planet, sharing the information they collect through radar, infrared, radio frequency and state-of-the-art imagers, providing actionable insights that can track illegal fishing and mining, identify disease within food crops, warn us of landslides or send back information to quickly respond to flooding, infrastructure deterioration (think railway tracks, dams and bridges) and global wildfires or hurricanes. Earth observation and the different ways you can use satellite data is only going to increase, due to its effectiveness and surprising cost-efficiency, and high inclination orbits that can be more easily reached from Scotland make it a good launch location. Scotland is already an enabler for that growth through the satellites we build and the data we analyse, but now it can also be the place where the huge back-log of satellites start their journey into space. Environmental and scientific innovation Question: The environmental impact of space activities is a concern for many. How is Scotland addressing this issue? Daniel Smith: In 2021, Scotland's sector worked together voluntarily to create a national space strategy to support wider UK ambitions. As part of that, we included a pillar around sustainability. The following year, Space Scotland received support from Scottish Enterprise to develop and deliver the world's first Space Sustainability Roadmap (created by local companies AstroAgency and Optimat ), which clearly sets out how Scotland's space companies are leading by example on reducing emissions and acting responsibly, as well as delivering a series of work packages for Space Scotland's Environmental task Force to take forward, to turn our foundation into a major differentiating factor for our industry. Whilst being at the early stages of a new sector like commercial space comes with challenges around investment, skills and awareness, it also brings opportunities. With launch in particular, we're in a position where we can build in a sustainable approach from the very beginning , unlike other established space nations that are looking at how they can bolt-on environmental considerations to decades old launch practices. This is a huge advantage for the long-term, with net zero and environmental social governance (ESG) considerations and increasing investment around finding the more environmentally conscious ways to do things that, in the past, were considered harmful to the environment. The Roadmap explains the substance behind the ambition - the Scottish-based launch companies like Skyrora, HyImpulse and Orbex developing green rocket fuels , the spaceports that are going further than passing their environmental impact assessments by coming up with ways to offer less environmentally impactful launch site operations through minimal infrastructure and roads that float to avoid damaging peatlands, and so much more. Scotland's satellite companies are doing a lot to reduce orbital pollution , with AAC Clyde Space considering the impact of the materials they use to build their satellites and Spire developing satellites that can track debris in orbit to prevent collisions in space that could risk significant loss of services here on Earth. When you couple the strategic prioritisation of sustainability together with the efforts being made to act sustainably, it's a huge selling point for Scotland. And that's not even mentioning the 30+ data analysis firms using space data to support environmental protection, measure natural capital and underpin conservation efforts, or the UK Space Agency's leadership on space sustainability that Scotland is also able to contribute to and leverage for our advantage. Economic multiplier effect Question: How does space commercialisation benefit industries outside of the space sector? Daniel Smith: Insights from satellite data are already performing a crucial role in agriculture, maritime, energy, finance, defence and security, transport and logistics, you name it. We're seeing space data used for healthcare, sports and the creative industries. When you add position, navigation and timing with GPS and weather forecasting into the mix, it quickly becomes obvious that we benefit from and rely upon space technology more than we realise. In fact, when I recently spoke at a St. Andrew's Day event in Australia to promote how Scottish geospatial firms could increase efficiency and reduce costs for the audiences' non-space businesses, I emphasised the space sector's need to change the perception of space from exploration (NASA, Mars, etc) to preservation, and get better at sharing how most commercial space technology isn't about space at all, it's about supporting our economy, our society and the way we live our lives. There are cross sector opportunities with photonics, robotics and advanced manufacturing, all of which are used in space, and which have developed solutions from a space perspective that can be applied to terrestrial solutions to amplify their effectiveness. The same applies to the reverse case too, providing synergies that then expand out into sectors such as precision agriculture, manufacturing of healthcare components and new renewable energy solutions such as space based solar power. Building resilience and independence Question: Building resilience and independence is a recurring theme in discussions about Scotland’s space ambitions. What’s your perspective on this? Daniel Smith: You only have to look at Russia's illegal invasion of Ukraine and the role that satellite imagery has served in uncovering falsehoods and supporting the countries defence efforts to see the importance of space for safeguarding our citizens . My wife is Ukrainian, as is my business partner, and I was in Ukraine for many weeks up until the month before the invasion where despite claims from Russia that they would not attack, satellite data showed troops massing on the border. My daughter might have been born in Ukraine, in one of the maternity wards that were bombed, if it had not been for that information prompting us to return to Scotland and not take any risks. Space and defence have always been closely linked and unfortunately, we cannot be certain of safety from the nefarious acts of others. Space, however, can quickly alert us to such dangers as they arise. Inspiring the next generation Question: How do you see the Scottish space sector inspiring the next generation? Daniel Smith: People often say that young people are most inspired by two things; dinosaurs and space! There's no doubt that rockets lifting off from Scotland will get current and future generations considering the many space jobs available - technical and non-technical. But for me its the ways in which the satellite data (enabled by those launch vehicles lifting off from Scottish soil) can be applied to Earth's challenges that is most inspiring. There are local companies like EOLAS using space-derived datasets to track endangered species, and others who have looked at countering transport poverty from space. Then there's other areas of innovation, with companies like Craft Prospect using space to advance quantum key distribution, and organisations considering how Scotland's robotics and AI strengths can be utilised for future in-orbit servicing and manufacturing - building things in space, rather than on Earth. When thinking about the opportunities of the future and the role of upcoming generations in advancing the sector, I'd return to the subject of sustainability. For me the biggest threat to the industry, and therefore to all the space-enabled applications and benefits we've talked about that society enjoys, is the millions of pieces of debris and junk orbiting Earth and threatening to collide with satellites at any moment. To come back to my earlier point about space technology actually being about Earth rather than space, and more focused on preservation than exploration, I feel that my children's generation and beyond will be more dedicated to sustainability and environmental protection than any generation before it. If that's the case, then they'll find that space has the answers, and poses some of the questions, that they could dedicate meaningful careers to applying and resolving. Vision for the future Question: It’s clear that Scotland’s space ambitions are about more than just launching rockets. What’s your vision for the sector in the coming years? Daniel Smith: I believe Scotland has all the ingredients required to reach its ambitious space sector growth targets , building upon our 150+ space companies and proven heritage in research and academia that has supported some of the most exciting space missions in history. We are ideally placed to play a strong supporting role in many lucrative areas, as well as continuing our leadership role in European satellite manufacture and launch developments, encouraging diversity within the workforce, and ensuring that the space sector develops with sustainability and environmental protection at its core - a factor that will give us a competitive edge long into the future. If we can increase private investment into our ecosystem to augment the ongoing support from government agencies, and become better at shouting about the demand for the kind of space technology and services that we're very good at developing, then space can continue to be the success story we're all looking for. Ultimately, being able to demonstrate space activity at a national level has gone from a 'nice to have' to a 'need to have'. The emergence of an entrepreneurial minded commercial space sector plays into Scotland's hands, because we have always been a nation of innovators and astute business people! Our government is behind us and our industry is fortunate in that it has continual support from both the UK and European Space Agencies. It is in building up our space industry, both in a literal and promotional sense, that continued success will be achieved because of one simple fact - space is, and always will be, for everyone's benefit. Thats a wrap! Space Network would like to extend our heartfelt thanks to Daniel for sharing his valuable insights and taking the time to discuss Scotland's burgeoning space sector. His dedication as Scotland's first International Trade Envoy for Space, combined with his entrepreneurial activity through ventures like AstroAgency, Fire Arrow, and Skyrora, is truly inspiring. We wish Daniel continued success in both his Envoy role and his ambitious business pursuits, which are helping to place Scotland firmly on the global space map. This interview is part of our ongoing 'BIG Interviews' series, where we engage with leading figures in the space and technology sectors to explore transformative ideas and emerging opportunities. Stay tuned for more exclusive conversations as we continue to spotlight the pioneers shaping the future.

Company Overview When Bill Johnston met John Carmichael in 1936, they turned a possible partnership into, what is now, a leading independent UK accountancy and business advisory firm. Johnston Carmichael is Scotland’s largest independent firm of chartered accountants and business advisers, operating across Scotland and from offices in London and Newcastle. As a firm, we audit more of Scotland’s top 100 private businesses, than any other firm, including the Big 4. We are a full service firm, offering businesses of all sizes core and specialist advisory services, including expert advice in the areas of tax, personal tax, specialist tax, audit, risk assurance, outsourced finance, digital advisory, corporate finance, international tax and much more. As a firm, we are all about people. Building our own people to be their own leaders, as well as spending time to build proper relationships with our clients. Branding or Mission Statement Johnston Carmichael inspires sharp minds to think proactively and apply knowledge and experience to transform businesses and create success. We believe in remaining relevant, doing the right thing, leading our future and standing in other people’s shoes. People are key to everything we do. Developing our own people and working hand in hand with our clients to properly understand them and their business. We commit the time required to properly understand our clients. This is the only way that we believe an effective advisory service can work. Services Offered Our services are wide ranging, providing all the support you need to start up, stay up, achieve growth plans or expand internationally. We offer the core services of audit, corporate tax and corporate finance. As a firm we audit more of Scotland’s top 100 private companies than any other firm. Our breadth of expertise also covers business advisory services, and an extensive range of specialist services, including innovation and entrepreneurial tax, digital advisory, outsourced finance, payroll, internal audit, private client tax, consultancy and much more. We’re here to understand your business, and help you grow and achieve what you want to achieve. Please find a full list of our services here: https://johnstoncarmichael.com/our-services/ . Key Contacts Jim Lockhart Jim Lockhart Business Advisory Partner jim.lockhart@jcca.co.uk +44 (0)7393 792091 Calum Purdie Business Development Senior Manager calum.purdie@jcca.co.uk Involvement in the Space Sector Johnston Carmichael is proud to have recently become a founding partner of Space Network, with the aim of supporting a growing cluster of space firms with their growth ambitions. We have a wide range of clients already working in the tech sector and manufacturing sector, with a number of clients operating specifically in the space sector. We have teams dedicated to supporting new sectors, new businesses, entrepreneurs and scale-ups and we can help businesses at every stage of growth, from start-up, right through to international expansion and beyond. We support clients with general business advice, as well as detailed specialist advice around R&D tax, EIS/SEIS schemes, international tax, fundraising and much more. We are passionate about helping to grow sectors and strengthen the communities businesses operate in. Company Culture and Values We have a clear purpose – to create enduring impact – not simply because we think it sounds good, but because the heart of Johnston Carmichael has stayed consistent for decades. We’re here for our communities, our people and our clients – for the long term. We’re proud of our ability to build proper relationships with our clients. One way we do this is by building our own people. Our business is one where everyone is a leader of their own career. Success Stories or Case Studies ‘We chose to work with JC following a recommendation from a founder of another start-up. It’s clear they are used to working with high growth tech companies and bring real expertise into the team. JC provide us with payroll services, management accounting, R&D tax advice and have recently helped us set up our EMI Share Options pool. As well as all these key services they are always accessible and happy to jump on a call when needed. Suffice to say we’ve been delighted since we joined the JC stable: they’ve been amazing in guiding us over the various hurdles and I’m confident they will be able to continue to provide us with great service as we grow.’ Allan Cannon, CEO and Co-founder, Krucial (Formerly R3 IoT) Future Collaboration with Space Network Johnston Carmichael have great ambition to support the sector through this exciting phase, be that with well-established companies through to early-stage technology companies involved in. We also aim to help promote the sector through showcasing activity of the Space Network and its Partners’ and supporting initiatives as they arise. We always adopt a collaborative approach and are open to hosting events, and expanding our networks further, whilst connecting our clients and wider stakeholders with others across the sector. We also aspire to be the go-to firm for accountancy and business advisory support. We want to expand the success we’ve had with growing businesses across many other sectors and to do this, working together, listening and sharing is key for us. Recent Blog Posts or Articles Why Space-Com Expo Scotland is a welcome new addition for our country’s growing space sector | Johnston Carmichael https://johnstoncarmichael.com/insights/how-johnston-carmichael-supports-entrepreneurs-for-long-term-success https://johnstoncarmichael.com/insights/global-mobility-policy Website Links Main Website: https://johnstoncarmichael.com/ Services Page: https://johnstoncarmichael.com/our-services/ Contact Page: https://johnstoncarmichael.com/contact/ Additional Information Some of our other partnerships across other sectors but still of interest include: Scottish EDGE - we have partnered with Scotland’s largest entrepreneurial funding competition for 10 years and engage fully with many of the businesses each year through our pitch practice panel sessions. Glasgow Tech Fest – we have sponsored this growing ecosystem event since its inception.

Burness Paull is an independent commercial law firm working with leading organisations across the UK and internationally. The firm employs more than 700 people, including 90 partners, across its offices in Aberdeen, Edinburgh and Glasgow.   Mission Statement As a truly independent law firm operating in a fast moving and challenging global landscape, we have complete licence to shape our culture and determine our values in a way that sustainably supports the needs of our people, our clients, our wider community and the environment.   Services Offered Intellectual Property Commercial and technology contracts Investment and scaling advice Immigration and employment Data privacy and cyber security Health & safety Litigation    Key Contacts Callum Sinclair Callum Sinclair Head of Technology & Commercial Email: callum.sinclair@burnesspaull.com Phone: 07391 405 414   Linzi Caldwell Marketing Manager Email: linzi.caldwell@burnesspaull.com Phone: 07525 038 531 Involvement in the Space Sector From advising growing businesses creating world class tech to being involved in the development of the Sutherland Spaceport project, we’ve long been part of the ecosystem providing legal advice across a range of business areas including funding & investment, IP protection, employment & immigration and cyber & data privacy.   Company Culture and Values Our human and high-performing ethos puts individuality, openness, and excellence at the core of our firm. We are committed to equality of opportunity for all and the promotion of a workplace culture where everyone can succeed.   Connecting with our people, clients and wider communities is intrinsic to who we are and at the heart of our offering is the Burness Paull Foundation, a registered charity established in 2016 and funded by the firm.    Success Stories or Case Studies Whilst we have worked on multiple projects in the sector including the Sutherland Spaceport project and supporting investment raises for space sector companies, we are perhaps proudest of our work with early stage and scaling businesses through accelerators like the Smart Things Accelerator Centre (STAC) in Skypark in Glasgow – now the largest IoT accelerator in Europe.  As well as supporting STAC as a founding partner, we have helped multiple of the now 65 or so scaling SME businesses with a range of transactional and advisory work.  A number of those businesses in hardware and data will be highly relevant to the space sector, and the momentum we now have shows what we can do supporting exciting scaling networks from a standing start – something we intend to repeat as part of our involvement with the Space Network.     Company Milestones Burness Paull is a product of a highly successful merger in 2012 between legacy firms, Burness in the central belt of Scotland and Paull & Williamsons in Aberdeen.  Both firms were leading independent firms in Scotland, and since then the firm has grown strongly across a full service corporate, commercial and private client service.  In recent years, the firm has continued to expand its full UK offering (covering Scots and English law across practice areas), and its international work as part of “best in market” independent international law firm alliances, Lex Mundi and TagLaw.   Every day we look to our networks and partnerships to inspire us to think more creatively about how we improve our client and employee experience, as we continue to invest in the next generation of our people and future leaders. We have recently announced the next exciting chapter of our collaboration with Scottish Ballet as its official Next Generation Partner.   Future Collaboration with Space Network For organisations on a growth journey there are many legal and regulatory matters to navigate while striving to achieve business objectives, even more so in a rapidly developing sector such as space, with the constant innovations – and unknowns – this brings. We enjoy working with ambitious organisations – large and small – who have a vision, and helping them realise their goals, whatever they might be.   Recent Blog Posts or Articles   From Ancient Rome to the UK to Outer Space: Making the space sector borderless | Burness Paull New managing partner to build on Burness Paull's success | Burness Paull Burness Paull extends immigration offering with appointment of US attorney | Burness Paull   Website Links   Main Website : Top Tier Scottish Law Firm | Edinburgh | Glasgow | Aberdeen | Burness Paull Services Page : Technology Lawyers | Burness Paull Contact Page : Contact Us | Burness Paull   Testimonials / Quotes   "The Burness Paull team are always able to address complex matters for us. They take their time to understand our business so that they can apply that knowledge to each of our legal queries."   "They have broad expertise. I can put almost any legal question to them and I receive a fast, high-quality and considered answer."   "Their deep understanding of a technical sector, coupled with their growing knowledge of our business, positions them well to handle complex and sophisticated matters."   Chambers UK 2025

By Ross Hamilton, COO, Space Network The space industry is undergoing transformation. Once dominated by state-led agencies like NASA and Roscosmos, the sector is now embracing commercial innovation, private investment, and a broader range sectoral players. By 2030, the global space economy is expected to exceed $1.8 trillion, reflecting not just a change in scale, but a fundamental shift in approach and model. The emerging commercial era prioritises speed, cost-effectiveness, and a spirit of entrepreneurial ambition, all underpinned by a willingness to innovate beyond traditional practices. Embracing First Principles Few figures have challenged the sector’s conventions more profoundly than Elon Musk. His “reasoning from first principles” disrupted established thinking, such as the standard practice that rockets are only single-use. This challenge ignited a wave of radical thinking and innovation. By starting from the core principles of physics and finance, rather than relying solely on the foundations of past missions, Musk demonstrated that the space industry could be profitable, attracting significant private capital and inspiring a new generation of companies to seek commercial success. This mindset encourages a move away from incrementalism. It emboldens new entrants to think beyond government grants and traditional contracting models, aspiring instead to reduce costs, opening up access to space and serve markets with tangible commercial value. As investment and ingenuity flow in, the promise of space, once confined to major powers and their defence or scientific priorities, opens to a mass market ripe for industrialisation and commercialisation. A new kind of organisation Inspired by first principle thinking, Space Network is forging a different path. We aim to be a catalyst for commercial growth, a connector of talent and technologies, and an enabler of cross-industry integration. Our focus is on ensuring that space ventures succeed, not as isolated experiments, but as integral parts of the global commercial economy. We connect companies with partners, investors, and customers, and we strive to do so with clarity of purpose and a sophisticated, forward-looking approach In developing our model, we returned to first principles ourselves. Rather than accept the sector’s inherited norms led by Government or Academia, we asked: what if Industry led, driven by commercialisation and supported by government policy and the talent and intellectual property emerging from academia? This perspective guides our strategy, reflected in four key philosophies: Commercial focus We are dedicated to building revenue-focused businesses that do not depend solely on grants. We help companies shape their go-to-market strategies, strengthen operational leadership, refine sales channels, and forge strategic partnerships. By placing the customer at the centre, we reduce the reliance on public funding and accelerate the path to sustainable profitability. Outward perspective The space industry’s historical origins, rooted in government programmes driven by scientific and military imperatives, created unique structures and silos. While these roots were essential in establishing the sector, they can make it challenging to engage with non-space industries. We look outward, bringing in expertise from design, finance, law, marketing, and beyond on a global basis. This inclusivity not only enriches the talent pool but also ensures that space technology finds its way into everyday products, services, and markets. Smart capital deployment We know that funding alone does not guarantee success. Our approach to capital is relational, not transactional. We partner closely with founders, building deep understanding of their vision, leadership, and trajectory. Beyond investment, we provide operational guidance, leadership development, market insights, and access to global networks. This wraparound support aims to safeguard our investments and increases the likelihood, and magnitude of long-term returns. It is first principles thinking applied to investment: starting from the core value of human relationships and scaling them into robust, commercially sustainable ventures. Risk mitigation with a pioneering spirit The space sector was founded by pioneers who dared to attempt what seemed impossible. Today, we celebrate that pioneering spirit while applying disciplined risk-mitigation strategies. We encourage iterative development cycles, thoughtful testing, and carefully calibrated investments in R&D. By balancing boldness with prudence, we ensure that innovation thrives without succumbing to reckless speculation. Delivering Our Value We translate these philosophies into tangible action: Supporting the sector We provide support through three integrated programmes: LAUNCH guides emerging space tech companies to refine products, establish go-to-market strategies, and strengthen operational and leadership capabilities for effective scaling; ASCENT delivers world-class insights and training to government, academic, and industry executives, enhancing their strategic competence and enabling commercial opportunities to flourish; and NEW HORIZONS focuses on developing new talent pipelines and fostering cross-sector collaboration, ensuring that the space ecosystem evolves dynamically and that government, academia, and industry unite around a commercial core to drive growth and meaningful impact. Connecting the commercial dots Profitability, sustainability, and impact are our guiding principles. We help companies find customers, forge strategic partnerships, and build diverse teams that can adapt to a rapidly changing sector. Our work spans the entire supply chain, from upstream infrastructure to downstream applications, and we target adjacent industries that can leverage space-derived technologies to gain competitive advantages on Earth. Investing in the future Our investment philosophy is grounded in building relationships first. By engaging closely with founders, we gain richer insights, reduce risk, and enhance returns. This contrasts starkly with transactional funding models that focus solely on ROI. Instead, we immerse ourselves, ensuring that every investment stands on solid ground and given the correct wrap around support it needs. This approach is itself first principles in action: identifying what truly matters (vision, leadership, product-market fit) and prioritising it. Shaping tomorrow’s future As we look to the growth of the network, we do so with conviction that first principles will guide us through the complexity of this evolving landscape. Space Network stands ready to be a driving force for this future, bridging commercial imperatives with technological potential, bringing talent and capital together, and ensuring that the new space era is not just about lofty ambitions, but about building profitable, resilient businesses that strengthen our capabilities on Earth and beyond. Join us in shaping this future. By applying first principles, embracing a relational approach, and placing commercial success at the centre, we can unlock unprecedented opportunities in space and realise the full promise of this transformative sector. Written by: Ross Hamilton Chief Operating Officer Space Network ross@spacenetwork.net

By Chris Newlands I was genuinely honoured to be invited to speak at The Economist Impact’s 2nd Space Economy Summit this week, generously hosted by the Portuguese Space Agency, in the historic city of Lisbon. Having attended hundreds of summits, conferences, and exhibitions over the decades, I can honestly say this one was stellar! The quality of the speakers, their stories and insights were top drawer. What stood out was the diverse representation of sectors, including telecoms, utilities, FMCG (Fast-Moving Consumer Goods) brands, along with a smattering of astronauts. Major players were well-represented: SpaceX, Blue Origin, US Space Force, US Government Agencies, NASA, and the European Space Agency. Investors, innovators, and insurers were interviewed by The Economist’s most experienced space journalists. This was no place for the shy or ill-prepared! The result? Deeply intimate and informative insights, rarely seen or heard in my experience. Of course, there were the obligatory messages from the sponsors; however, they were refreshingly, but respectfully, managed. This event was designed with a blue-chip audience in mind. It was obvious that a huge effort had been made by the organisers to ensure the content offered relatable and useful solutions to current and future boardroom challenges here on Earth. I was invited to focus on the current and future use cases of real-time satellite imagery merged with Internet of Things (IoT) data, highlighting that Artificial Intelligence can only classify or count people or assets in satellite imagery, whereas Space Aye uniquely identifies, compliantly of course. The ability to identify wildfire responders, protect wildlife, or monitor illegal activity in real-time, not to mention a new tool to help brands comply with the EU’s Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive, has enormous potential. The mass market adoption of real-time satellite imagery, personalised with IoT data, will have hugely positive implications for humanity, commerce, defence, and security. History tells us that all technology reduces in cost as soon as it is adopted by the masses, creating an entirely new commercial model for Earth Observation constellations, delighting investors, boardrooms, and Non-Governmental Organisations. I reconnected with philanthropist, X-Prize founder, and astronaut Anousheh Ansari (pictured below). She is returning to Scotland in June 2025 to share her inspirational story with the next generation of space explorers. I shook hands, exchanged views, and business cards with Buzz Aldrin’s son, Andrew, which was a personal highlight. His deep knowledge of the entire space sector was impressive; he really does have space dust in his blood… to be continued. The only other Scottish accent belonged to fellow Scot, National Grid Director and veteran Ryan Ciesielski. His geospatial background is impeccable! During his presentation, he described several terrestrial use cases of geospatial data and satellite imagery, which were efficient, commercial, and ensured health and safety measures were adhered to in a naturally dangerous and often isolated environment. Keeping directors on the right side of investors and corporate manslaughter legislation is a real win-win. The talk that blew my mind was delivered by SpaceX’s Kathryn Lueders, General Manager of Elon’s new Texas Starbase. The scale of this spaceport is breathtaking—they ingest rolls of steel at one end and produce rocket segments at the other, connect them, then launch them. It is so much more than a one-stop rocket shop; it’s a self-contained and self-reliant community of pioneers… just wow! The payloads are increasing, and launch prices per kilogram are reducing. They are almost single-handedly creating the foundations for a genuinely competitive commercial space sector. He may be divisive, but there is no denying his genius and ability to get things done! I narrowly missed a selfie moment with him last year, as a space conference we were both invited to speak at was cancelled… next time! Looking forward to next year’s event already! Written by: Chris Newlands | CEO & Founder Space Aye www.spaceaye.com

Orbex, the UK-based space launch company has announced a significant strategic realignment of its operations. This shift will see Orbex conducting initial launch operations from SaxaVord Spaceport in Shetland while focusing resources on expanding its facilities in Forres and developing a new medium-lift launch vehicle, Proxima.   The decision also means that Orbex will pause the construction of its own spaceport at Sutherland, though it will retain the lease for potential future use. This announcement underscores the company's commitment to supporting the European space industry with sustainable satellite launch capabilities and creating hundreds of highly skilled jobs in Scotland.   Space Network  caught up with Orbex’s Chief Commercial Officer, John Bone, for an exclusive interview.   John Bone began by outlining the rationale behind the company’s recent decisions:   “This move will allow Orbex to focus more resources on expanding our facilities in Forres as we complete the development of our micro-launcher, Prime, and embark on the design and construction of our new medium-lift vehicle, Proxima. By centralising our initial launch operations at SaxaVord Spaceport, we can concentrate on what matters most—delivering world-class launch vehicles that meet the needs of institutional and commercial customers across Europe.”   Bone acknowledged the significance of SaxaVord Spaceport in enabling this transition.   "SaxaVord is fully licensed and operational, providing us with an excellent launch platform as we progress toward our first missions. This decision allows us to direct more of our resources into advancing Orbex Prime and Proxima, enhancing our ability to meet growing market demand.”   Orbex’s decision to pause construction at Sutherland was not taken lightly, and Bone was candid about its impact:   “We understand the concerns this will raise within the Sutherland community, including our partners at the Melness Crofters’ Estate. In the coming days and weeks, we will engage in conversations to discuss this change and what it means for the region.”   Despite the pause, Orbex remains committed to the site’s potential. “We have retained the lease and will keep our options under continuous review. The flexibility to increase launch capacity in the future remains a vital component of our long-term strategy,” Bone added.   A significant element of this strategy involves the expansion of Orbex’s manufacturing facilities in Forres. Currently supporting over 140 jobs, this site is set to grow as the company ramps up production of Prime and begins development on Proxima.   “Our Forres facility will play a central role in Orbex’s future,”  said Bone. “By expanding our operations, we’ll create hundreds of high-skilled, well-paid jobs while positioning Scotland as a leader in space manufacturing innovation. Proxima, in particular, will enable us to handle larger payloads and support more diverse mission types, broadening the range of capabilities we can offer to our customers.”   Orbex’s focus on its vehicles and operations comes at a critical time for the European space sector. The Proxima development aligns with broader objectives to enhance Europe’s independent launch capabilities. Bone explained:   “This strategic shift strengthens our ability to compete in the European Launcher Challenge, an ESA-led initiative designed to foster indigenous European launch solutions. By prioritising our vehicles and leveraging the advantages of SaxaVord, we’re setting Orbex up to be a pivotal player in Europe’s evolving space landscape.”   Orbex’s latest announcement marks a significant milestone for the company and the Scottish space sector. By consolidating launch operations at SaxaVord and investing heavily in Forres, Orbex is positioning itself for long-term growth while reinforcing Scotland’s reputation as a hub for space innovation.   John Bone concluded with a note of optimism: “Our mission is to support the European space industry with reliable, sustainable launch solutions. These changes allow us to focus on that mission more effectively, ensuring we remain at the forefront of space innovation. Scotland is central to our story, and we’re proud to be driving forward its growing role in the global space sector.”   This strategic pivot not only highlights Orbex’s adaptability but also underscores the company’s commitment to delivering cutting-edge solutions that meet the needs of a dynamic and competitive market. As Orbex prepares for its first launches at SaxaVord and the development of Proxima gathers pace, the future of Scottish space innovation looks brighter than ever. Thank you to John for his time and interview.

ID Cyber Solutions to support the Scottish Space Network by offering cybersecurity expertise, educational content for Scotland's growing space sector. The collaboration will develop a space-specific certification package, including training and Cyber Essentials, to meet the unique needs of the space industry. Industry roundtable planned with key decision-makers to further strengthen the connection between space technology and cybersecurity. The Scottish Space Network announces its latest partnership with Glasgow based ID Cyber Solutions , further solidifying Scotland’s reputation as a leader in space innovation. ID Cyber Solutions will deliver support and expertise to both the Scottish Space Network and to companies within Scotland’s burgeoning space sector. This support will be delivered via cybersecurity focused blogs, educational articles as well as providing incentives via Scottish Space Network, including free initial cybersecurity consultations and service discounts. Cybersecurity is critical in the space sector because space systems, including satellites and communication networks, are increasingly vulnerable to cyberattacks. A successful breach could disrupt essential services such as navigation, military operations, and communications, potentially causing severe national security and economic issues. Strengthening cybersecurity is essential to safeguard these vital assets and maintain the smooth operation of global space activities. As part of this collaboration, Scottish Space Network will engage with the sector to assist in the development of a space-specific certification packages that will include cyber security training, cyber incident handling, vulnerability assessments and Cyber Essentials, uniquely tailored for the space industry. The partnership will also see the organisation of a roundtable event with key decision-makers in the Scottish space sector, further strengthening the ties between cybersecurity and space technology. Dr Andy Campbell, Founder and CEO of the Scottish Space Network, stated: “This partnership with ID Cyber Solutions marks a significant step forward for our network, aligning cybersecurity at the heart of Scotland’s growing space ecosystem. Their world class expertise will enable us to offer unparalleled security education and solutions to the sector while advancing innovation and resilience.” This collaboration follows the Network’s partnerships with leading organisations such as Burness Paull, Eureka!Europe, Johnston Carmichael, and Marks & Clerk, which offer legal, innovation, financial, and IP support. Alongside Sustainable Alpha’s investment focus, these partnerships underscore the Network’s dedication to building a comprehensive support network for the Scottish space sector, driving innovation and security in tandem. Cary Hendricks, Global Operations Director of ID Cyber Solutions, commented: “We’re excited to partner with the Scottish Space Network to ensure the security of Scotland’s space industry. By working closely with the industry and defining their needs and risks, we aim to tailor a specialised cybersecurity package to address the unique challenges faced by the sector and help safeguard its future.” Scottish Space Network plan to announce additional partnerships in the coming weeks as it grows its network of expertise and support for the burgeoning Scottish space industry. Further announcements of additional partners are expected in the coming weeks. END For further information, please contact: Scottish Space Network Dr Andy Campbell andy@scottishspace.net +44 (0)7973 286 432 www.scottishspace.net About Scottish Space Network Established in 2023, the Scottish Space Network is dedicated to connecting and supporting entrepreneurs and companies within the Scottish space sector. It aims to promote the sector globally, develop successful businesses through support, attract and develop talent and deliver funding and investment solutions to drive scientific and economic prosperity. About ID Cyber Solutions ID Cyber Solutions is a certification body and specialist cyber security training company based in Glasgow, Scotland. We provide Cyber Essentials and Cyber Essentials Plus certification, and are authorised training partners for EC-Council and PECB (Professional Evaluation Certifications Board). We offer training for professionals who want to advance in their careers and knowledge in the fields of cyber security, risk management, privacy, and business continuity, amongst others. We can also provide bespoke courses dependent on client requirements.