By Andy Campbell
(Image Credit: Monty Python, Life of Brian)
When you hear the word "space," what’s the first image that comes to mind? Is it simply the night sky, twinkling in infinite darkness? Or perhaps one of rockets and astronauts? More than likely you will think of space as something ‘out there’ and not necessarily something ‘down here’
I attended an event a few weeks ago when I was asked by a fellow attendee, what I did. I mentioned my involvement in supporting the burgeoning space sector in Scotland. It was met with a quizzical look in return - "Other than non-stick frying pans, Velcro, and ballpoint pens that can write upside down,” they asked, “what has the space sector ever done for us?"
This question immediately brought to mind the classic Monty Python sketch from The Life of Brian: where the People’s Front of Judea, (or was it the Judean People's Front, or maybe it was the Judean Popular People's Front) are gathered in secret where Reg, played by John Cleese, asks “What have the Romans ever done for us?” After a few moments we are reminded that the Roman Empire was responsible for delivering “the sanitation, the medicine, education, wine, public order, irrigation, roads, a fresh water system, and public health.” In other words, lots!
So a perfect opportunity to consider - What has the space sector ever done for us?
Technological Advancements
Revolutionising Global Communications
One of the most obvious areas turbocharged by the space sector is that of technological advancement. In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton began his work in a branch of Physics to be later known as orbital mechanics, but it was Arthur C. Clarke who, in 1945, theorised about "Extra-terrestrial Relays" and whether "rocket stations" could provide worldwide radio coverage. Twelve years later in 1957, Sputnik 1 was launched. However it was in 1964 when the first ‘rocket station’ or “geostationary” communications satellite, was launched, realising Clarke's vision.
Fast forward to today, over 10,000 satellites orbit our planet at speeds exceeding 17,000 miles per hour. These satellites have revolutionised global communications, enabling instant, worldwide connectivity. They form the backbone of global broadcasting and internet services. Without them, there would be no mobile phones, no satellite television, or global streaming platforms like Netflix.
Transforming Navigation and Logistics
Satellite navigation (Sat Nav) and accurate GPS systems have transformed transportation, logistics and travel. These technologies are essential for mapping and navigation, delivering the intelligence to just about every system that moves on the planet. Bring it closer to home, it powers every single amazon delivery you receive or when you fancy “a cheeky wee nandos” delivered to your door by some ‘Box-backed pedaller of food!’
Advancements in Weather Forecasting
Satellites also provide critical data for accurate weather predictions, used across industries from agriculture to insurance. They are especially vital for climate monitoring and modelling, helping us prepare for extreme weather events and understand long-term climate patterns.
Tech Spin-offs
The technological spin-offs from space exploration are numerous. They've led to the development of new materials, advancements in robotics, computing, and microelectronics.
Environmental Benefits
Earth Observation and Climate Monitoring
The environmental benefits derived from space technology are substantial. Earth observation is a significant sector that impacts our daily lives. Satellites monitor deforestation, coastal erosion, desertification, and the health of our oceans. They also allow for more accurate and efficient agricultural planning and resource management.
With the growing concern over climate change, space technology plays a crucial role in tracking climate change indicators such as ice melt and sea-level rise. Satellites equipped with specialised sensors monitor greenhouse gas emissions across the planet, providing data essential for environmental policy and action.
Disaster Response and Relief
Space technology aids in predicting and tracking natural disasters like hurricanes, floods, and wildfires. This information facilitates efficient disaster response and relief efforts, ultimately saving lives and reducing economic losses.
Sustainable Energy Solutions
At the heart of our solar system is the Sun, and space technology is instrumental in harnessing its power. Advancements in solar energy technologies, inspired by the needs of space missions, are being applied on Earth to produce clean, sustainable energy solutions for the future.
Precision Agriculture
Space-derived data supports the farming sector. The very food you eat is very likely to be a product of precision agriculture. For example farmers using space data to know exactly what part of what field needs what nutrients thus ensuring a plentiful and high quality yield whilst reducing waste, and promoting sustainable farming practices.
Space does ALL that!
Scientific Understanding
Exploring the Universe
The scientific benefits of space exploration are immense. Researchers are unravelling the mysteries of space-time, black holes, dark matter, and even the elusive concept of quantum entanglement. The launch of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), stationed a million miles away at the Lagrange Point, represents a monumental leap in our quest to understand the origins of the universe. Notably, technology developed in Scotland by Professor Gillian Wright MBE plays a pivotal role in the JWST's Mid-Infrared Instrument.
Searching for Habitable Worlds
Closer to home, astronomers are discovering exoplanets - planets outside our solar system - some of which may be capable of supporting that one thing that will prove we are not alone in the Universe - Life. This search expands our understanding of planetary systems and the potential for life beyond Earth.
Microgravity Research
Travelling at 17,500mph, 240 miles above planet earth, the International Space Station (ISS) serves as a laboratory for microgravity research, allowing scientists to study physical and biological processes that cannot be replicated on Earth. This research has applications ranging from materials science to biology, leading to innovations that benefit life on our planet.
Societal Impact
Inspiring Education and Culture
Space of course has a profound societal impact, inspiring generations to look up and wonder. From primitive humans gazing at the stars to modern space missions, the allure of space exploration fuels our innate curiosity and pioneering spirit. In 1902, the short film "A Trip to the Moon," inspired by Jules Verne's 1865 novel, captivated audiences. Sixty six years later, Stanley Kubrick didn’t fake the moon landings, instead he produced the seminal "2001: A Space Odyssey," based on Arthur C. Clarke's work, pushing the boundaries of cinematic storytelling.
Space themes permeate our culture, influencing art, literature, and entertainment. Films like "Star Wars," "Interstellar," and "The Martian" continue to capture the public's imagination. This space inspired cultural content not only entertains but also inspires interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields.
Fostering International Collaboration
Space exploration serves as a platform for international collaboration. The ISS is perhaps the greatest example of this, where astronauts and cosmonauts from different nations work side by side in collaboration and friendship. Such partnerships transcend geopolitical tensions, fostering goodwill and shared objectives.
Uniting Humanity
Space also unites human kind in moments of collective awe - whether it was watching Neil Armstrong's small steps and giants leaps in 1969 or marvelling at SpaceX managing to catch a rocket booster the equivalent size of a wingless Airbus A380 which fell from a height of 41 miles up (216,000ft), reaching speeds of 2700mph at peak descent, on a machine called “Mechazilla”.
Future milestones, such as the first woman setting foot on the Moon or humanity's first steps on Mars, promise to bring the world together once more.
Space is the one thing that engages and unites humanity behind a common urge to explore. It gives us HOPE for the future.
Space is the future!
Health and Medical Advancements
Advancing Medical Research
The health sector has received significant benefits from space exploration. Astronauts aboard the ISS spend around 2 hours working out every day to maintain physical composition whilst in the microgravity of orbit. The rest of the time they undertake a large amount of scientific research including participating in experiments that advance our understanding of human physiology. Studying how the body adapts to microgravity provides insights into aging, muscle atrophy, and bone density loss, informing medical treatments here on Earth.
Pharmaceutical Innovations
The Pharmaceutical industry is rushing to space where the microgravity environment allows for the development of better pharmaceuticals. Proteins crystallise more perfectly in space, aiding in drug development. The pharmaceutical industry is increasingly investing in space-based research to create more effective medicines. Varda Space Industries successfully launched the world's first commercial space factory in June 2023 to crystallise Ritonavir, an antiviral drug used in the treatment of HIV, in microgravity, resulting in the production and safe return of the metastable Form III of the drug to Earth. This groundbreaking experiment demonstrates the feasibility of manufacturing pharmaceuticals in space and opens new possibilities for producing unique crystal structures, marking a significant step towards commercial space manufacturing and pharmaceutical development.
Telemedicine and Remote Healthcare
Space technology has revolutionised telemedicine, enabling remote healthcare delivery via satellite. This is vital for isolated or underserved regions, providing access to medical consultations and emergency services that were previously unavailable.
Health Monitoring Technologies
Wearable health monitors used by astronauts have been adapted for consumer use, leading to the proliferation of fitness trackers and health apps that many folk have as part of everyday life. These technologies empower individuals to take charge of their health through continuous monitoring and data analysis – All made possible due to advancement in space technology.
Robotic Surgery and Medical Equipment
NASA's advancements in robotics have influenced the development of robotic surgery techniques. Precision instruments and remote operation capabilities enhance surgical outcomes and expand access to specialised procedures. In decades to come as humans live further from earth, surgical procedures will need to be carried out by robotic systems and AI.
Global Security and Defence
Surveillance and Intelligence Gathering
As we BOLDLY GO where no one has gone before, whilst we have land, sea and air – but SPACE is the highest military ground. Like it or not, we have to protect ourselves. Satellites are used for surveillance and intelligence gathering, providing critical data for national security. They enable the monitoring of global events, from military movements to environmental changes that could impact security.
Missile Detection and Early Warning Systems
Space-based systems play a crucial role in missile detection and early warning, enhancing global stability by providing nations with the information needed to prevent conflicts.
International Treaties and Space Law
Recognising the importance of space as a shared domain, international treaties and space laws have been established. These frameworks promote the peaceful use of outer space and prevent the proliferation of space-based weapons, fostering cooperation rather than competition.
Economic Impact
Job Creation and Economic Growth
Space is a significant economic driver. Here in Scotland alone, the space sector employs approximately 8,500 highly skilled individuals, contributing approximately £350 million in salaries annually. This workforce drives innovation and boosts the country's GDP.
Innovation Spill-over
Technologies developed for space missions often find applications in other industries, enhancing competitiveness and productivity. Sectors such as telecommunications, materials science, and manufacturing benefit from space-derived innovations.
Global Space Economy
The global space sector is projected to grow to $1.8 trillion over the next decade. Scotland aims for a £4 billion slice of that market. Given our rich history of innovation, there is potential for even greater ambitions and a larger market share.
Obscure and Unexpected Benefits
Everyday Technologies
The space sector has given rise to numerous everyday technologies that we might not immediately associate with space exploration. Some of these include:
Scratch-Resistant Lenses: Developed to protect space equipment, these coatings now make eyeglass lenses more durable.
Dust Busters: NASA's need for portable, cordless tools in space led to the creation of handheld vacuum cleaners to collect samples from the moon.
Fire-Resistant Materials: Materials designed to enhance astronaut safety are now used in firefighting gear and protective clothing.
Advanced Insulation Materials: Insulation used in spacecraft has been adapted for buildings, improving energy efficiency.
Water Purification Systems: Technologies from the ISS are used in disaster zones to provide clean drinking water.
Air Filtration Systems: Space-grade filters keep indoor air clean in homes, hospitals, and airplanes.
Memory Foam: Originally developed for astronaut seat cushioning, it's now used in mattresses and pillows.
Super Soaker: Invented by a NASA engineer Lonnie Johnson, this popular water toy is a fun byproduct of space research.
Smoke Detectors: First developed for space missions, smoke detectors are now standard safety devices in buildings.
These examples illustrate how the space sector has led to innovations that enhance safety, health, and convenience in our daily lives.
Debunking Myths
And to the original claim made, referenced at the start, unfortunately, it's worth noting that some commonly attributed space inventions are, in fact, not products of the space sector at all. Teflon was invented by DuPont in 1938 and predates NASA. Velcro was created in 1948 by George de Mestral, also before NASA's establishment in 1958. And the often ‘memed’ Space Pen was developed by Fisher independently, not by NASA, and the Russians also use the Space Pen as pencils are flammable!
The Future of Space
Space Tourism
Looking forward, the innovations and benefits from the space sector wont stop. Space tourism is transitioning from science fiction to reality. Companies like SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Virgin Galactic are developing commercial flights to suborbital and orbital space, opening new markets and experiences.
Space-Based Data Centers
With A.I. driving increased demand for data processing and storage, space offers an attractive, environmentally sustainable solution. Space-based data centres could leverage space’s cold environment and abundant solar energy, reducing the environmental impact of terrestrial data centres.
Resource Exploration
There are known Asteroids orbiting out there containing vast quantities of valuable minerals. Asteroid mining could yield resources worth quadrillions of dollars, potentially alleviating resource scarcity on Earth and driving economic growth.
Continuous Off-Planet Presence
Humanity has maintained a continuous presence in space for over 24 years aboard the ISS. As the ISS approaches decommissioning by 2030, attention turns to new habitats. Thankfully the next International Space Station is already there waiting for us. Very soon the moon will be home to lunar bases used for scientific and industrial purposes and will act as a potential staging ground for further, deeper missions in space. Martian colonies will also make the switch from fiction to reality – and its all in touching distance.
Advancements in Propulsion and Sustainable Technologies
The future of space will also see advancements in propulsion technologies which will enable faster and more efficient space travel, both in space and potentially influencing terrestrial transportation. Developing closed-loop life support systems for long-duration missions (that you would be familiar with from movies like Alien), drives innovation in life support and also has applications here on Earth. Hopefully without the Xenomorph!
Scotland's Place in Space
Bringing all this right down to earth and right here to Scotland, Scotland is uniquely positioned to be a leader in the space sector. We are developing a full ‘end-to-end’ Capability in space – From launch pads, launch vehicles, satellite manufacturing and services linked to all the downstream data. In addition with our world-class universities and startups pioneering space technologies, we are driving forward in Research and Innovation including adjacent technologies such as quantum and photonics.
There is no doubt the ‘size of the prize’ or Scotland is HUGE. Presently we are aiming for a £4 billion slice of the market in the next decade, whilst growing our workforce to 20,000 highly skilled and highly paid employees. However, as a Country, we must not be complacent. The space race is global, and bold ambitions are necessary to secure a leading position.
Reflections on Empires and the Future
I began inspired by Monty Python's take on the Roman Empire, a civilisation whose innovations and technologies still benefit us nearly 2,000 years later. From roads and aqueducts to governance and law, the Romans left an indelible mark on human history. But when it comes to the question of "What has the space sector ever done for us?", I believe history will show us that the impact of ‘space’ on humanity will far surpass that of the Roman Empire.
In answering the question, "What has the space sector ever done for us?", we find that it's contributions are vast and deeply integrated into every aspect of modern life. From the technology in our pockets to the food on our tables, from our understanding of the universe to the very health and security of our nations, space exploration has been a catalyst for innovation and human progress.
As we look to the stars, may we continue to foster innovation, collaboration, and a spirit of exploration that not only pushes the boundaries of what's possible but also expands the horizons of human potential, uniting us in a common purpose and inspiring generations to reach beyond what was previously thought possible whilst enriching life here on Earth too.
Written by:
Andy Campbell
Founder and CEO
Scottish Space Network